Abstract
Ultrasonic testing is widely used for assessing the integrity of structures, and increasingly, there is much interest in the inspection of components operating at elevated temperatures. Degeneration of acoustic couplant and active element are among the challenges widely reported to develop ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers operating at higher temperatures. In our study, the development of an in situ ultrasonic transducer using spray deposited PZT slurry as the active element to perform bulk ultrasonic inspection/monitoring of components and structures operating at elevated temperatures (up to 200° C) is described. This method allows deposition of PZT coatings of thickness > 500 µm. The operation of the developed ultrasonic transducer performing pulse-echo ultrasonic measurements at 1 MHz up to 200 °C is demonstrated experimentally and compared with conventional methods. Merits and limitations to practical realisation are also discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelhalim A, Abdellah A, Scarpa G, Lugli P (2013) Fabrication of carbon nanotube thin films on flexible substrates by spray deposition and transfer printing. Carbon NY 61:72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.04.069
Antony Jacob A, Rajagopal P, Balasubramaniam K (2018) Selective modal excitation for optimization of waveguide based bulk ultrasonic transducers. NDT & E Int 94:47–55
Barrows A, Pearson A, Kwak C, Dunbar A, Buckley A, Lidzey D (2014) Efficient planar heterojunction mixed-halide perovskite solar cells deposited via spray-deposition. Energy Environ Sci 7:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE01546K
Barth S, Bartzsch H, Gloess D, Frach P, Herzog T, Walter S, Heuer H (2014) Sputter deposition of stress-controlled piezoelectric AlN and AlScN films for ultrasonic and energy harvesting applications. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 61:1329–1334. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2014.3040
Burrows S, McAughey K, Edwards R, Dixon S (2012) Sol–gel prepared bismuth titanate for high temperature ultrasound transducers. RSC Adv. 2:3678. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra20243c
Damjanovic D (1998) Materials for high temperature piezoelectric transducers. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 3:469–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0286(98)80009-0
Dutta S, Choudhary RNP, Sinha PK (2004) Studies on structural, electrical and electromechanical properties of Sb3 + -modified PLZT. Mater Sci Eng B Solid-State Mater Adv Technol 113:215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2004.08.006
Hanft D, Exner J, Schubert M, Stocker T, Fuierer P, Moos R (2015) An overview of the aerosol deposition method: process fundamentals and new trends in materials applications. J Ceram Sci Technol 6:147–181. https://doi.org/10.4416/jcst2015-00018
Hornsteiner J, Born E, Fischerauer G, Riha E (1998) Surface acoustic wave sensors for high-temperature applications. In: Proc. 1998 IEEE Int. Freq. Control Symp. (Cat. No.98CH36165), pp 615–620. https://doi.org/10.1109/freq.1998.717964
Ishikawa M, Kurosawa MK, Endoh A, Takeuchi S (2005) Lead zirconate titanate thick-film ultrasonic transducer for 1 to 20 MHz frequency bands fabricated by hydrothermal polycrystal growth. Jpn J Appl Phys 44:4342–4346. https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.44.4342
Jen CK, Nguyen KT, Cao B, Wang H, Loong CA (1999) Ultrasonic sensors for on-line monitoring of castings and molding processes at elevated temperatures, US Patent 5951163, US 5,951,163, 1999. https://www.google.com/patents/US5951163
Jiang X, Kim K, Zhang S, Johnson J, Salazar G (2013) High-temperature piezoelectric sensing. Sensors (Switzerland). 14:144–169. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140100144
Kažys R, Voleišis A, Voleišienė B (2008) High temperature ultrasonic transducers: review. Ultrasound 63:7–17. http://www.ktu.lt/ultra/journal/pdf_63_2/63-2008-No.2_01-Kazys.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2017
Kobayashi M, Olding TR, Sayer M, Jen CK (2002) Piezoelectric thick film ultrasonic transducers fabricated by a sol-gel spray technique. Ultrasonics 39:675–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-624X(02)00390-6
Kobayashi M, Ono Y, Jen CK, Cheng CC (2006) High-temperature piezoelectric film ultrasonic transducers by a sol-gel spray technique and their application to process monitoring of polymer injection molding. IEEE Sens J 6:55–62. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2005.856119
Kobayashi M, Jen CK, Bussiere JF, Wu KT (2009) High-temperature integrated and flexible ultrasonic transducers for nondestructive testing. NDT E Int. 42:157–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2008.11.003
Maas R, Koch M, Harris NR, White NM, Evans GR (1997) Thick-film printing of PZT onto silicon. Mater Lett 31:109–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(96)00249-2
McNab A, Kirk KJ, Cochran A (1998) Ultrasonic transducers for high temperature applications. Sci Meas Technol IEE Proc 145:229–236. https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:19982210
Meitzler AH, Tiersten FH, Warner AW, Berlincourt DA (1988) An American National Standard IEEE standard on piezoelectricity. ANSI/IEEE Std 176–1987:1–74. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.1988.79638
Patel ND, Nicholson PS (1990) High frequency, high temperature ultrasonic transducers. NDT Int. 23:262–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-9126(90)92152-Q
Tittmann BR, Aslan M (1999) Ultrasonic sensors for high temperature applications. Jpn J Appl Phys 38:3011–3013. https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.38.3011
Wang D, Filoux E, Levassort F, Lethiecq M, Rocks SA, Dorey RA (2014) Fabrication and characterization of annular-array, high-frequency, ultrasonic transducers based on PZT thick film. Sens Actuators A Phys 216:207–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2014.05.026
Wolf RA, Trolier-McKinstry S (2004) Temperature dependence of the piezoelectric response in lead zirconate titanate films. J Appl Phys 95:1397–1406. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1636530
Zhou Q, Lau S, Wu D, Shung KS (2014) Piezoelectric films for high frequency ultrasonic transducers in biomedical applications. Prog Mater Sci 56:139–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2010.09.001.Piezoelectric
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Antony Jacob, A., Balasubramaniam, K., Rajagopal, P. et al. Ultrasonic transducers based on spray coated PZT film for in situ operation for temperatures up to 200 °C. ISSS J Micro Smart Syst 7, 25–34 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41683-018-0020-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41683-018-0020-8