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Load Sharing and Arrangement through an Effective Utilization of SOFC/Super-capacitor/Battery in a Hybrid Power System

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Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) provides several benefits such as high efficiency, modularity, quiet operation and cogeneration alternatives. Nevertheless, the main weakness in SOFC-based power plant has the slow dynamic response during transient situations in peak demand since this problem can be addressed by using complementary system such as a super-capacitor (SC). This paper provides an optimal load sharing and arrangement strategy (LSAS) for a hybrid power system which combines a SOFC stack, a SC module and a battery bank that support local grid. According to LSAS, the SOFC is the primary power source. The SC module is utilized as a backup and complement device to take care of the load following problems of SOFC during transient. The battery bank is added as a high energy density and/or backup device to stabilize the DC bus voltage, while an electrolyzer (ELYZ) is used as a dump load during surplus power. The LSAS operates in two layers. The external layer accomplished the overall power management system. Depending upon load demand, this layer generates references to the internal layer. The internal layer controls the individual subsystems, i.e., SOFC, ELYZ, SC and battery according to the references coming from the external layer. A complete MATLAB/Simulink model has been established to check the performance of the proposed system for the real load conditions. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed system in terms of power transfer, load tracking and grid stability.

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Acknowledgements

This research work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51675354 and51377184), the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (No. 2013DFG61520) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 106112016CDJZR158802).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China

    Syed Zulqadar Hassan & Hui Li

  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey

    Tariq Kamal & Barış Cevher

  3. Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, 115 404, Santa Rosa, 97279, Mérida, YUC, Mexico

    María Jesús Espinosa Trujillo

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  1. Syed Zulqadar Hassan
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  2. Hui Li
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  3. Tariq Kamal
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  4. María Jesús Espinosa Trujillo
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  5. Barış Cevher
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Correspondence to Syed Zulqadar Hassan.

Appendix

Appendix

1.1 Electrical Network

\({V_{\mathrm{DC}}}=700\, \hbox {V},\, {V_{L-L,\mathrm{rms}}}=440\, \hbox {V},\, {f}=50\, \hbox {Hz},\, {P_{\mathrm{G,rated}}}=10\,\hbox {MVA}\)

1.2 SOFC

\({P_{\mathrm{rated}}}=50\, \hbox {kW}\), \({T_{\mathrm{FC}}}=1173\, \hbox {K}\), \({N_{\mathrm{cell}}}=325\), \(\hbox {Stack}=4\, \hbox {kW}, \hbox {Array size} =13, {T_d}=5\, \hbox {s}\), \({F}=96484.6\, \hbox {C/mol}\)

1.3 Battery (CINCOFM/BB12100T)

\(\hbox {Capacity}=200\, \hbox {Ah}, \hbox {Voltage/string}=12\, \hbox {V}\), \({N_p}=3, {N_S}=34, {V_{\mathrm{rated}}}=12\times 34=400\, \hbox {V}\)

1.4 SC (Maxwell Technologies BMOD0058)

\({C}=58\, {F}\), \({V_{\max }}=16.2\, \hbox {V}\), \(\hbox {ESR}=22\, \hbox {m} \Omega\), \({I_{\max }}=20 \,\hbox {A}\), \({N_P}=20\), \({I_{\mathrm{leakage}}}=1\,\hbox {m A}\), \({N_S}=6\)

1.5 Electrolyzer (QualeanQL-85000)

\({P_{\mathrm{E,rated}}}=50\, \hbox {kW}\), \({v_\mathrm{o}} =1.038\,\hbox {V}\), \({A_E}=0.25\, {\mathrm{m}^2}\), \(\hbox {c}=2, {N_E}=350, {k_1}=-1.002\, {\mathrm{A}^{-1} \mathrm{m}^2}\), \({k_2}=8.424\, {\mathrm{A}^{-1} \mathrm{m}^2 \,^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\), \({v_1}=0.185\, \hbox {V}\), \({k_3}=247.3\, {\mathrm{A}^{-1} \mathrm{m}^2 \,^{\circ }\mathrm{C^2}}\), \({r_1}=8.05{\times 10^{-5}\, \Omega \mathrm{m}^2}\),\({r_2}=-2.5{\times 10^{-7}\, \Omega \mathrm{m}^2}\)

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Hassan, S.Z., Li, H., Kamal, T. et al. Load Sharing and Arrangement through an Effective Utilization of SOFC/Super-capacitor/Battery in a Hybrid Power System. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Electr Eng 43, 383–396 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-018-0107-z

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