Journal of Endocrinological Investigation

, Volume 41, Issue 2, pp 163–170 | Cite as

Methylation markers differentiate thyroid cancer from benign nodules

  • J. K. Stephen
  • K. M. Chen
  • J. Merritt
  • D. Chitale
  • G. Divine
  • M. J. Worsham
Original Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Purpose

The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) is increasing. Cytology by itself cannot distinguish TC from some benign nodules especially in certain subtypes of TC. Our immediate goal is to identify DNA methylation markers for early detection of TC and to molecularly differentiate TC subtypes from benign nodules.

Methods

Promoter methylation status of 21 candidate genes was examined on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) utilizing quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (QMSP) in a retrospective cohort of 329 patients (56% white, 29% African American, 61% female) comprising 71 normal thyroid, 83 benign nodules [follicular adenomas (FA)], 90 follicular TC (FTC) and 85 papillary TC (PTC). All genes were analyzed individually (Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank sum tests) and in combination (logistic regression models) to identify genes whose methylation levels might best separate groups.

Results

Combination gene panels TPO and UCHL1 (ROC = 0.607, sensitivity 78%) discriminated FTC from FA, and RASSF1 and TPO (ROC = 0.881, sensitivity 78%) discriminated FTC from normal. Methylation of TSHR distinguished PTC from FTC (ROC = 0.701, sensitivity 84%) and PTC from FA (ROC = 0.685, sensitivity 70%). The six gene panel of TIMP3, RARB2, SERPINB5, RASSF1, TPO and TSHR, which differentiates PTC from normal thyroid, had the best combination sensitivity (91%) and specificity (81%) of the panels addressing discrimination of cancer tissue.

Conclusions

Aberrant gene methylation used in combination panels may be useful clinically in differentiating FTC and PTC from benign nodules. If confirmed in additional studies, these findings could help reduce the over diagnosis of thyroid cancer and surgeries related to over diagnosis.

Keywords

DNA methylation profiling Thyroid nodules Thyroid cancer Follicular adenoma 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

Dr. Stephen had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Supported by NIH R03 CA159426 (Dr. Josena K. Stephen).

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

For this retrospective study, formal consent is not required. The current IRB is authorized for chart review and collection of discarded thyroid tissue. The latter obviates the need for informed consent.

Supplementary material

40618_2017_702_MOESM1_ESM.docx (27 kb)
Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 27 kb)

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Copyright information

© Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE) 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  • J. K. Stephen
    • 1
  • K. M. Chen
    • 1
  • J. Merritt
    • 1
  • D. Chitale
    • 2
  • G. Divine
    • 3
  • M. J. Worsham
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck ResearchHenry Ford HospitalDetroitUSA
  2. 2.Department of PathologyHenry Ford HospitalDetroitUSA
  3. 3.Department of Public Health SciencesHenry Ford HospitalDetroitUSA

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