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Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance: on the Cusp of a Post-antibiotic World

  • Kameron Sprigg
  • Carolynn E. PietrangeliEmail author
Neglected Tropical Diseases (A Sanchez, Section Editor)
First Online:
Part of the following topical collections:
  1. Topical Collection on Neglected Tropical Diseases

Abstract

Purpose of review

The specific aim of this article is to provide evidence that antibiotic resistance (AR) has become a human disease unto itself and to describe the current means of preventing, treating, and reversing AR in individuals and in affected populations.

Recent findings

An ever-increasing number of infections are being classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). Low and middle-income countries are most likely to increase the spread of AR due to limited healthcare infrastructure coupled with policies that promote unregulated access to antibiotics. The genetic basis for AR has become more thoroughly understood as efforts move toward a global big data approach to surveille and implement effective public health measures.

Summary

Antibiotic Stewardship (AS) programs are critical to prevent the spread of AR. As resistant pathogens reside in patients for many years after they are initially integrated into the microbiome, the potential for future infection increases substantially. This property contributes to the conclusion that AR is in and of itself a human disease that must be treated appropriately. While all bacteria are at risk to become AR, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Mycobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas represent the greatest challenges in infectious disease treatment as rapid AR acquisition leads to MDR infections.

Keywords

Antibiotic resistance Antibiotic stewardship Multi-drug-resistance Extreme drug resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae 
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Notes

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

Kameron Sprigg declares that there are no competing interests.

Carolynn E. Pietrangeli declares that there are no competing interests.

Human and animal rights and informed consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Supplementary material

40506_2019_181_MOESM1_ESM.docx (66 kb)
ESM 1 (DOCX 45 kb)

References and Recommended Reading

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesCanada

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