International Journal of Dynamics and Control

, Volume 3, Issue 4, pp 470–479 | Cite as

State of the art: hardware in the loop modeling and simulation with its applications in design, development and implementation of system and control software

Article

Abstract

Nowadays due to the technology development and use of digital computers in various systems, need for development of high performance and robust software is attracting great attentions. Because of increasing complexity in algorithms and implementation hardware for embedded systems, proper simulation tools are required. In sophisticated systems design, hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation is known as a prominent simulation tool before realistic tests of the system and a step after software simulation. Simultaneously it can be used for verification and validation of automation and control software. HIL has had an historical background in aerospace industries. Recently, this tool has spread in different steps of system life cycle such as design, development, implementation and test of various applications including automobile industry, shipbuilding, power lines, robotic systems and etc. Utilizing a suitable hardware in the loop laboratory, in system design stages is a practical way to increase the system reliability and efficiency as well as value of product. Also, by proper investigation in this modelling and simulation method, many errors can be avoided in design procedure of software and hardware as well as their interconnections. In this study, structure and components of an hardware in the loop laboratory for different systems are explored, also it is tried to more evaluate the applications of HIL simulations in dynamics and control engineering. At last, general structure of an hardware in the loop lab for diverse industries is proposed and discussed.

Keywords

Hardware in the loop (HIL) Modelling & Simulation Embedded systems System design 

References

  1. 1.
    Ronsheng L, Satina M (2010) Aerospace real-time control system and software. In: Lewis (ed) The control handbook: control system applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2007). NASA systems engineering handbook. NASA, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    European Cooperation for Space Standardization (2010). ECSS-E-HB-60A: control engineering handbook.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    European Cooperation for Space Standardization (2001). ECSS-E60: control engineering Standard.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Burbank JL, Kasch W, Ward J (2011) An introduction to network modeling and simulation for the practicing engineer, 1st edn. John Wiley, Hoboken, NJCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Isermann R (1999) Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for the design and testing of engine-control systems. Control Eng Pract 7: 643–653CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Chadhuri S-K, Venkatachalam G, Rabhakar M (1995) Hardware in the loop simulation for missile systems. In: Proceedings of the IFAC Intelligent Autonomous Control in Aerospace, pp 105– 112Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Sullivan MM (1966) Hybrid simulation of the Apollo guidance and navigation system. Simulation 7:25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Carrol FJ, Spenny CH (1968) APOLLO command and service module stabilization and control system design survey. NASA technical note, Manned Spacecraft Center, Electronic Research Center, Cambridge, MA, December 1968Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Gross JL (1967) Real time hardware-in-the-loop simulation verifies performance of Gemini computer and operational program. Simulation 9:141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Peters WH, Cox KJ (1973) APOLLO experience report—guidance and control systems: digital autopilot design development. NASA Technical Note, Manned Spacecraft Center, June 1973Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Tedesco M (2012) Orion GNC/Aero interfaces. NASA Technical Note, Manned Spacecraft Center, May 2012Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    http://www.scopus.com/. Accessed 2013
  14. 14.
    http://www.proquest.com/. Accessed 2013
  15. 15.
  16. 16.
    http://www.opal-rt.com/. Accessed 2013
  17. 17.
    http://www.carsim.com/. Accessed 2013
  18. 18.
    http://www.itisim.com/. Accessed 2013
  19. 19.
  20. 20.
  21. 21.
    Isermann R (2011) Perspectives of automatic control. Control Eng Pract 19:1399–1407CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Bolt WM, Carman GL, Halliman CR, Labrecque RJ (1968) Mathematical model for the LM lunar descent hybrid simulation. NASA technical note, Manned Spacecraft Center, April 1968Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Karpenko M, Sepehri N (2006) Hardware-in-the-loop simulator for research on fault tolerant control of electrohydraulic flight control systems, American Control Conference Minneapolis, MN, June 14–16Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Spangenberg H, Friehmelt H (2005) Hardware-in-the-loop simulation with flight control actuators, AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit, San Francisco, CA, August 2005Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Anderson N, Hagenauer B, Erickson R, Bhandari S (2008) Flight-testing of a UAV aircraft for autonomous operation using Piccolo II autopilot. In: AIAA atmospheric flight mechanics conference and exhibit, Honolulu, 18–21 August 2008Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Gans NR, Dixon WE, Lind R, Kurdila A (2009) An hardware in the loop simulation platform for vision-based control of unmanned air vehicles. Mechatronics 19:1043–1056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Montazeri-Gh M, Nasiri M (2013) Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for testing of electro-hydraulic fuel control unit in a jet engine application. Simulation 89:225–233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Sanvido JMAA (2002) Hardware-in-the-loop simulation framework. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), ZurichGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Ledin J, Dickens M, Sharp J (2003) Single modelling environment for constructing high-fidelity plant and controllers, AIAA modeling and simulation technologies conference and exhibit, Austin, TX, 11–14 AugustGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Jeon SW, Jung S (2012) Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for the reaction control system using PWM-based limit cycle analysis. IEEE Trans Control Sys Technol 20(2):538–545CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Koh Dong-Wook, Park Sang-Young, Kim Do-Hee, Choi Kyu-Hong (2009) Development of an hardware-in-the-loop simulator for spacecraft attitude control using thrusters. J Astron Space Sci 26(1):47–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Badaruddin KS, Hernandez JC, Brown JM (2007) The importance of hardware-in-the-loop testing to the cassini mission to saturn. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 2007Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Tobbe P, Matras A, Walkerz D (2009) Real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulation of ares launch vehicle. American Institute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Mitchell JW, Luquettet RJ (2005) Recent developments in hardware-in-the-loop formation navigation and control. NASA technical reportsGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Keel N (2011) Hardware-in-the-loop simulation 101 introduction to HIL testing. Automotive testing expo North America 2011 forum, Presentations, 25 October 2011Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Güvenç BA, Güvenç L, Karama S (2009) Robust yaw stability controller design and hardware-in-the-loop testing for a road vehicle. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 58(2):555–571CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Palladino A, Fiengo G, Lanzo D (2012) A portable hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) device for automotive diagnostic control systems. ISA Trans 51:229–236CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Gietelink O, Ploeg J, De Schutter B, Verhaegen M (2006) Development of advanced driver assistance systems with vehicle hardware-in-the-loop simulations, Technical report 05–009, Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of TechnologyGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Short Michael, Pont Michael J (2008) Assessment of high-integrity embedded automotive control systems using hardware in the loop simulation. J Sys Softw 81:1163–1183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Lee MH et al (2011) Development of an hardware in the loop simulation systems for electric power steering in vehicles. Int J Automot Technol 12(5):733–744CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Naus GJL, Ploeg J, Heemels WPMH, Steinbuch M (2010) Design and implementation of parameterized adaptive cruise control: an explicit model predictive control approach. Control Eng Pract 18:882–892CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Morgando Sorniotti A, Velardocchia M (2006) Active roll control: system design and hardware-in-the-looptest bench. Vehicle Sys Dyn 44(Supplement):489–505Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    Misslehorn WE, Theron NJ, Els PS (2006) Investigation of hardware-in-the-loop for use in suspension development. Veh Sys Dyn 44(1):65–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Michalek D, Gehsat C, Trapp R, Bertram T (2005) Hardware-in-the-loop-simulation of a vehicle climate controller with a combined HVAC and passenger compartment model. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/ASME international conference on advanced intelligent mechatronics, Monterey, CA, 24–28 July 2005Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    Li B, Otten R, Chandan V, Mohs WF, Berge J, Alleyne AG (2010) Optimal on-off control of refrigerated transport systems. Control Eng Pract 18(2010):1406–1417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Conti R, Meli E, Ridolfi A, Rindi A (2014) An innovative hardware in the loop architecture for the analysis of railway braking under degraded adhesion conditions through roller-rigs. Mechatronics 24:139–150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Isermann R (2008) Mechatronic systems–innovative products with embedded control. Control Eng Pract 16:14–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Li H, Steurer M, Shi KL, Woodruff S, Zhang D (2006) Development of a unified design, test, and research platform for wind energy systemsbased on hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 53(4):1144–1151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Lu B, Wu X, Figueroa H, Monti A (2007) A low-cost real-time hardware in-the-loop testing approach of power electronics controls. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 54(2):919–931CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Kuperman A, Horen Y, Tapuchi S (2010) A differential state-space approachto simultaneous emulation of uncertainties and disturbances involtage-controlled brushless motors. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 57(2):727–734CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Ayasun S (2007) Modeling and stability analysis of a simulation-stimulation interface for hardware-in-the-loop applications. Simul Modell Pract Theory 15:734–746CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Grono AJ (2001) Synchronizing generators with HITL simulation. IEEE Comput Appl Power 14:43–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Dinavahi VR, Iravani MR, Bonert R (2001) Real-time digital simulation of power electronic apparatus interfaced with digital controllers. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 16:775–781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Craciun O, Florescu A et al (2014) Hardware-in-the-loop simulation applied to protection devices testing. Electr Power Energy Sys 54:55–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Faruque MOO, Dinavari V (2010) Hardware in the loop simulation of power electronic systems using adaptive decentralization. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 57(4):1146–1158Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    Carstensen C, Biela J (2011) 10kV/30kA unipolar arbitrary voltage source for hardware-in-the-loop simulation systems for HVDC circuit breakers. In: Power electronics and applications (EPE 2011), Proceedings of the 2011–2014th European Conference on IEEE pp 1–10. IEEE 2011Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Martin A, Emami MR (2011) Dynamic load emulation in hardware-in-the-loop simulation of robot manipulators. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 58(7):2980–2987CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Temeltas H, Gokasan M, Bogosyan S, Kilic A (2002) Hardware in the loop simulation of robot manipulators through Internet in mechatronics education. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference IEEE Industrial Electronics Society vol 4. IEEE, Sevilla, pp 2617–2622Google Scholar
  59. 59.
    Yu G, Zhou F, Marian N, Angelov C (2007) Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation of component-based embedded systems. In: Proceedings of the 8th international workshop on research and education in mechatronics (REM2007) 2007Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    White G, Bhatt R, Tang C, Krovi V (2009) Experimental evaluation of dynamic redundancy resolution in a nonholonomic wheeled mobile manipulator. IEEE/ASME Trans Mech 14(3):349–357CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Hassanzadeh I, Jabbari Asl H (2009) Tele-visual servoing of robotic manipulators, implementation and technical issues. J Appl Sci 9(2):278–286CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Skjetne R, Egeland O (2006) Hardware-in-the-loop testing of marine control systems. Model Identif Control 27(4):239–258CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Johansen TA, Fossen TI, Vik B (2005) Hardware-in-the-loop testing of DP systems. In Proceedings of the dynamic positioning conference, 27–28 September 2005Google Scholar
  64. 64.
    Hwang A et al (2009) Verification of unmanned underwater vehicle with velocity over 10knots guidance control system based on hardware in the loop simulation. In Proceedings of the OCEANS 2009, MTS/IEEE biloxi-marine technology for our future: global and local challenges. IEEE 2009Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Woolsey M, Jarnagin R (2012) Design, Implementation, and Refinement of an hardware-in-the-Loop Simulator for a Hovering AUV. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Oceans Conference, Hampton 2012Google Scholar
  66. 66.
    Marouani K et al (2013) “Experimental investigation of an emulator” hardware in the loop for electric naval propulsion system. In: Proceedings of the 21st Mediterranean conference on control & automation (MED), Platanias-Chania, Crete, 25–28 June 2013Google Scholar
  67. 67.
    Clark AM, Kocak DM, Martindale K, Woodroffe A (2009) “ Numerical Modeling and Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation- of Undersea Networks, Ocean Observatories and Offshore Communications Backbones. In: Proceedings of the OCEANS 2009, MTS/IEEE biloxi-marine technology for our future: global and local challenges. IEEE, 2009Google Scholar
  68. 68.
    Resta F, Facchinetti A, Collina A, Bucca G (2008) On the use of an hardware in the loop set-up for pantograph dynamics evaluation. Veh Sys Dyn 46(Supplement):1039–1052CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Lin CF, Tseng CY, Tseng TW (2006) An hardware-in-the-loop dynamics simulator for motorcycle rapid controller prototyping. Control Eng Pract 14:1467–1476CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Rankin DJ, Jiang J (2011) An hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform for the verification and validation of safety control systems. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 58:468–478CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Gawthropa PJ, Virdenb DW, Neildb SA, Waggb DJ (2008) Emulator-based control for actuator-based hardware-in-the-loop testing. Control Eng Pract 16:897–908CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Juang JG, Lin WK, Lin RW (2011) A hybrid intelligent controller for a twin rotor MIMO system and its hardware implementation. ISA Trans 50:609–619CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    El-Nagar AM, El-Bardini M (2014) Interval type-2 fuzzy neural network controller for a multivariable anesthesia system based on an hardware-in-the-loop simulation. Artif Intell Med 61:1–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Matraji I et al (2013) Robust control of the PEM fuel cell air-feed system via sub-optimal second order sliding mode. Appl Energy 104:945–957CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Potter M, Bacic M (2012) Design and control of hardware-in-the-loop simulations for testing non-return-valve vibrations in air systems. IEEE Trans Control Sys Technol 20(1):98–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Kossiakoff A et al (2011) System engineering: principles and practice. John Wiley, Hoboken, NJCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Gomez M (2001) Hardware-in-the-loop simulation. Embed Syst Des. http://m.eetindia.co.in/STATIC/PDF/200112/EEIOL_2001DEC02_EMS_TEST_SIG_TA.pdf?SOURCES=DOWNLOAD. Accessed 2013
  78. 78.
    Buede DM (2009) The engineering design of systems: models and methods. John Wiley, Hoboken, NJCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Schoner HP (2004) Automotive Mechatronics. Control Eng Pract 12(11):1343–1351CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Ledin JA (1999) Hardware in the loop simulation. Embed Sys Program 12:42–60Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Control EngineeringIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
  2. 2.Department of Computer EngineeringAmir Kabir University of TechnologyTehranIran

Personalised recommendations