Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Incidence and Prevalence of Ankle Sprain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Epidemiological Studies

  • Systematic Review
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries, yet a contemporary review and meta-analysis of prospective epidemiological studies investigating ankle sprain does not exist.

Objective

Our aim is to provide an up-to-date account of the incidence rate and prevalence period of ankle sprain injury unlimited by timeframe or context activity.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of English articles using relevant computerised databases. Search terms included Medical Search Headings for the ankle joint, injury and epidemiology. The following inclusion criteria were used: the study must report epidemiology findings of injuries sustained in an observed sample; the study must report ankle sprain injury with either incidence rate or prevalence period among the surveyed sample, or provide sufficient data from which these figures could be calculated; the study design must be prospective. Independent extraction of articles was performed by two authors using pre-determined data fields.

Results

One-hundred and eighty-one prospective epidemiology studies from 144 separate papers were included. The average rating of all the included studies was 6.67/11, based on an adapted version of the STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for rating observational studies. 116 studies were considered high quality and 65 were considered low quality. The main findings of the meta-analysis demonstrated a higher incidence of ankle sprain in females compared with males (13.6 vs 6.94 per 1,000 exposures), in children compared with adolescents (2.85 vs 1.94 per 1,000 exposures) and adolescents compared with adults (1.94 vs 0.72 per 1,000 exposures). The sport category with the highest incidence of ankle sprain was indoor/court sports, with a cumulative incidence rate of 7 per 1,000 exposures or 1.37 per 1,000 athlete exposures and 4.9 per 1,000 h. Low-quality studies tended to underestimate the incidence of ankle sprain when compared with high-quality studies (0.54 vs 11.55 per 1,000 exposures). Ankle sprain prevalence period estimates were similar across sub-groups. Lateral ankle sprain was the most commonly observed type of ankle sprain.

Conclusions

Females were at a higher risk of sustaining an ankle sprain compared with males and children compared with adolescents and adults, with indoor and court sports the highest risk activity. Studies at a greater risk of bias were more likely to underestimate the risk of ankle sprain. Participants were at a significantly higher risk of sustaining a lateral ankle sprain compared with syndesmotic and medial ankle sprains.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cooke MW, Lamb SE, Marsh J, Dale J. A survey of current consultant practice of treatment of severe ankle sprains in emergency departments in the United Kingdom. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(6):505–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Braun BL. Effects of ankle sprain in a general clinic population 6 to 18 months after medical evaluation. Arch Fam Med. 1999;8(2):143–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kerkhoffs GM, Rowe BH, Assendelft WJ, Kelly K, Struijs PA, van Dijk CN. Immobilisation and functional treatment for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002(3):CD003762. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003762.

  4. Birrer RB, Fani-Salek MH, Totten VY, Herman LM, Politi V. Managing ankle injuries in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 1999;17(4):651–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wilkerson GB, Horn-Kingery HM. Treatment of the inversion ankle sprain: comparison of different modes of compression and cryotherapy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993;17(5):240–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. McGowan RW, Pierce EF, Williams M, Eastman NW. Athletic injury and self diminution. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1994;34(3):299–304.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Smith RW, Reischl SF. Treatment of ankle sprains in young athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14(6):465–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gerber JP, Williams GN, Scoville CR, Arciero RA, Taylor DC. Persistent disability associated with ankle sprains: a prospective examination of an athletic population. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19(10):653–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Verhagen RA, de Keizer G, van Dijk CN. Long-term follow-up of inversion trauma of the ankle. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1995;114(2):92–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. van Rijn RM, van Os AG, Bernsen RM, Luijsterburg PA, Koes BW, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. What is the clinical course of acute ankle sprains? A systematic literature review. Am J Med. 2008;121(4):324–31 e6. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.11.018.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hertel J. Functional anatomy, pathomechanics, and pathophysiology of lateral ankle instability. J Athl Train. 2002;37(4):364–75.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Delahunt E, Coughlan GF, Caulfield B, Nightingale EJ, Lin CW, Hiller CE. Inclusion criteria when investigating insufficiencies in chronic ankle instability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(11):2106–21. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181de7a8a.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. de Bie RA, de Vet HC, van den Wildenberg FA, Lenssen T, Knipschild PG. The prognosis of ankle sprains. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(4):285–9. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972635.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Verhagen EA, van Tulder M, van der Beek AJ, Bouter LM, van Mechelen W. An economic evaluation of a proprioceptive balance board training programme for the prevention of ankle sprains in volleyball. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(2):111–5. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.011031.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lauder TD, Baker SP, Smith GS, Lincoln AE. Sports and physical training injury hospitalizations in the army. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18(3 Suppl):118–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Songer TJ, LaPorte RE. Disabilities due to injury in the military. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18(3 Suppl):33–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sell TC, Abt JP, Crawford K, Lovalekar M, Nagai T, Deluzio JB, et al. Warrior model for human performance and injury prevention: Eagle Tactical Athlete Program (ETAP) Part I. J Spec Oper Med. 2010;10(4):2–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bar-Dayan Y. Parachuting injuries: a retrospective study of 43,542 military jumps. Mil Med. 1998;163(1):1–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Billings CE. Epidemiology of injuries and illnesses during the United States Air Force Academy 2002 Basic Cadet Training program: documenting the need for prevention. Mil Med. 2004;169(8):664–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Milgrom C, Shlamkovitch N, Finestone A, Eldad A, Laor A, Danon YL, et al. Risk factors for lateral ankle sprain: a prospective study among military recruits. Foot Ankle Int. 1991;12(1):26–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lillywhite LP. Analysis of extrinsic factor associated with 379 injuries occurring during 34,236 military parachute descents. J R Army Med Corps. 1991;137(3):115–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kragh JF Jr, Taylor DC. Parachuting injuries: a medical analysis of an airborne operation. Mil Med. 1996;161(2):67–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hiller CE, Nightingale EJ, Raymond J, Kilbreath SL, Burns J, Black DA, et al. Prevalence and impact of chronic musculoskeletal ankle disorders in the community. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(10):1801–7. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.04.023.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Valderrabano V, Hintermann B, Horisberger M, Fung TS. Ligamentous posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(4):612–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hirose K, Murakami G, Minowa T, Kura H, Yamashita T. Lateral ligament injury of the ankle and associated articular cartilage degeneration in the talocrural joint: anatomic study using elderly cadavers. J Orthop Sci. 2004;9(1):37–43. doi:10.1007/s00776-003-0732-9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Croy T, Saliba SA, Saliba E, Anderson MW, Hertel J. Differences in lateral ankle laxity measured via stress ultrasonography in individuals with chronic ankle instability, ankle sprain copers, and healthy individuals. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(7):593–600. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3923.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hass CJ, Bishop MD, Doidge D, Wikstrom EA. Chronic ankle instability alters central organization of movement. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(4):829–34. doi:10.1177/0363546509351562.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wikstrom EA, Bishop MD, Inamdar AD, Hass CJ. Gait termination control strategies are altered in chronic ankle instability subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(1):197–205. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ad1e2f.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. LA Moher D, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Br Med J. 2009;339:332–6.

    Google Scholar 

  30. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344–9.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Neyeloff JL, Fuchs SC, Moreira LB. Meta-analyses and Forest plots using a microsoft excel spreadsheet: step-by-step guide focusing on descriptive data analysis. BMC Res Notes. 2012;20(5):52–8.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Agel J, Dick R, Nelson B, Marshall SW, Dompier TP. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s ice hockey injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 2000–2001 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):249–54.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Agel J, Dompier TP, Dick R, Marshall SW. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s ice hockey injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):241–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Agel J, Evans TA, Dick R, Putukian M, Marshall SW. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s soccer injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2002–2003. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):270–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Agel J, Olson DE, Dick R, Arendt EA, Marshall SW, Sikka RS. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s basketball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):202–10.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Agel J, Palmieri-Smith RM, Dick R, Woitys EM, Marshall SW. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s volleyball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association injury surveillance system, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):295–302.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Agel J, Ransone J, Dick R, Oppliger R, Marshall SW. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s wrestling injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):303–10.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Albright JP, Powell JW, Martindale A, Black R, Crowley E, Schmidt P, et al. Injury patterns in big ten conference football. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(6):1394–404. doi:10.1177/0363546504264159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Almeida SA, Trone DW, Leone DM, Shaffer RA, Patheal SL, Long K. Gender differences in musculoskeletal injury rates: a function of symptom reporting? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(12):1807–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Alonso JM, Tscholl PM, Engebretsen L, Mountjoy M, Dvorak J, Junge A. Occurrence of injuries and illnesses during the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Championships. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(15):1100–5. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.078030.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Amako M, Oda T, Masuoka K, Yokoi H, Campisi P. Effect of static stretching on prevention of injuries for military recruits. Mil Med. 2003;168(6):442–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Amamilo SC, Samuel AW, Hesketh KT, Moynihan FJ. A prospective study of parachute injuries in civilians. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1987;69(1):17–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Amoroso PJ, Ryan JB, Bickley B, Leitschuh P, Taylor DC, Jones BH. Braced for impact: reducing military paratroopers’ ankle sprains using outside-the-boot braces. J Trauma. 1998;45(3):575–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Andersen TE, Floerenes TW, Arnason A, Bahr R. Video analysis of the mechanisms for ankle injuries in football. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(1 Suppl):69S–79S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Aoki H, O’Hata N, Kohno T, Morikawa T, Seki J. A 15-year prospective epidemiological account of acute traumatic injuries during official professional soccer league matches in Japan. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(5):1006–14. doi:10.1177/0363546512438695.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Arnason A, Tenga A, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. A prospective video-based analysis of injury situations in elite male football—football incident analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(6):1459–65. doi:10.1177/0363546504262973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Junge A, Dvorak J. Injury risk of playing football in Futsal World Cups. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(15):1089–92. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.076752.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Backous DD, Friedl KE, Smith NJ, Parr TJ, Carpine WD Jr. Soccer injuries and their relation to physical maturity. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142(8):839–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bahr R, Bahr IA. Incidence of acute volleyball injuries: a prospective cohort study of injury mechanisms and risk factors. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7(3):166–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Baumhauer JF, Alosa DM, Renstrom FH, Trevino S, Beynnon B. A prospective study of ankle injury risk factors. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(5):564–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Beneka A, Malliou P, Gioftsidou A, Tsigganos G, Zetou H, Godolias G. Injury incidence rate, severity and diagnosis in male volleyball players. Sport Sci Health. 2010;5(3):93–9.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Bennell K. Neuromuscular training reduces the risk of leg injuries in female floorball players. Aust J Physiother. 2008;54(4):282.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Beynnon BD, Renstrom PA, Alosa DM, Baumhauer JF, Vacek PM. Ankle ligament injury risk factors: a prospective study of college athletes. J Orthop Res. 2001;19(2):213–20. doi:10.1016/s0736-0266(00)90004-4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Beynnon BD, Vacek PM, Murphy D, Alosa D, Paller D. First-time inversion ankle ligament trauma: the effects of sex, level of competition, and sport on the incidence of injury. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(10):1485–91. doi:10.1177/0363546505275490.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bird YN, Waller AE, Marshall SW, Alsop JC, Chalmers DJ, Gerrard DF. The New Zealand Rugby Injury and Performance Project: V. Epidemiology of a season of rugby injury. Br J Sports Med. 1998;32(4):319–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bottini E, Poggi EJT, Luzuriaga F, Secin FP. Incidence and nature of the most common rugby injuries sustained in Argentina (1991–1997). Br J Sports Med. 2000;34(2):94–7. doi:10.1136/bjsm.34.2.94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Brito J, Rebelo A, Soares JM, Seabra A, Krustrup P, Malina RM. Injuries in youth soccer during the preseason. Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(3):259–60. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31821a6025.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Brooks JH, Fuller CW, Kemp SP, Reddin DB. Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 2 training Injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(10):767–75. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018408.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Brooks JH, Fuller CW, Kemp SP, Reddin DB. Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 1 match injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(10):757–66. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018135.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Brudvik C. Injuries caused by small wheel devices. Prev Sci. 2006;7(3):313–20. doi:10.1007/s11121-006-0031-8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Cloke DJ, Ansell P, Avery P, Deehan D. Ankle injuries in football academies: a three-centre prospective study. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(9):702–8. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.067900.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Cumps E, Verhagen E, Meeusen R. Efficacy of a sports specific balance training programme on the incidence of ankle sprains in basketball. J Sports Sci Med. 2007;6(2):212–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Dick R, Ferrara MS, Agel J, Courson R, Marshall SW, Hanley MJ, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s football injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):221–33.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Dick R, Hertel J, Agel J, Grossman J, Marshall SW. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s basketball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):194–201.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Dick R, Hootman JM, Agel J, Vela L, Marshall SW, Messina R. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s field hockey injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2002–2003. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):211–20.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Dick R, Lincoln AE, Agel J, Carter EA, Marshall SW, Hinton RY. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s lacrosse injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association injury surveillance system, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):262–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Dick R, Putukian M, Agel J, Evans TA, Marshall SW. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s soccer injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2002–2003. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):278–85.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Dick R, Romani WA, Agel J, Case JG, Marshall SW. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s lacrosse injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):255–61.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Dick R, Sauers EL, Agel J, Keuter G, Marshall SW, McCarty K, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s baseball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):183–93.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Dompier TP, Powell JW, Barron MJ, Moore MT. Time-loss and non-time-loss injuries in youth football players. J Athl Train. 2007;42(3):395–402.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Doyle C, George K. Injuries associated with elite participation in women’s rugby over a competitive season: an initial investigation. Phys Ther Sport. 2004;5(1):44–50. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2003.11.001.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Dvorak J, Junge A, Derman W, Schwellnus M. Injuries and illnesses of football players during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(8):626–30. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.079905.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Dvorak J, Junge A, Grimm K, Kirkendall D. Medical report from the 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(9):578–81 (discussion 81). doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.034579.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Dyson R, Buchanan M, Hale T. Incidence of sports injuries in elite competitive and recreational windsurfers. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(4):346–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ekstrand J, Hagglund M, Walden M. Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer). Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(6):1226–32. doi:10.1177/0363546510395879.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Ekstrand J, Walden M, Hagglund M. Risk for injury when playing in a national football team. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2004;14(1):34–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ekstrand J, Hagglund M, Fuller CW. Comparison of injuries sustained on artificial turf and grass by male and female elite football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21(6):824–32. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01118.x.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Emery CA, Meeuwisse WH, Hartmann SE. Evaluation of risk factors for injury in adolescent soccer implementation and validation of an injury surveillance system. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(12):1882–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Faude O, Junge A, Kindermann W, Dvorak J. Injuries in female soccer players—a prospective study in the German national league. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(11):1694–700. doi:10.1177/0363546505275011.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Feeley BT, Kennelly S, Barnes RP, Muller MS, Kelly BT, Rodeo SA, et al. Epidemiology of National Football League training camp injuries from 1998 to 2007. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(8):1597–603. doi:10.1177/0363546508316021.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Finestone A, Novack V, Farfel A, Berg A, Amir H, Milgrom C. A prospective study of the effect of foot orthoses composition and fabrication on comfort and the incidence of overuse injuries. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(7):462–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Flik K, Lyman S, Marx RG. American collegiate men’s ice hockey: an analysis of injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(2):183–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Fourchet F, Horobeanu C, Loepelt H, Taiar R, Millet GP. Foot, ankle, and lower leg injuries in young male track and field athletes. Int J Athl Ther Train. 2011;16(3):19–23.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Frey C, Feder KS, Sleight J. Prophylactic ankle brace use in high school volleyball players: a prospective study. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(4):296–300. doi:10.3113/fai.2010.0296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Fuller CW, Taylor A, Molloy MG. Epidemiological study of injuries in international rugby sevens. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(3):179–84. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181df1eea.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Gabbe BJ, Finch CF, Wajswelner H, Bennell KL. Predictors of lower extremity injuries at the community level of Australian football. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(2):56–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Garrick JG, Requa RK. Injury patterns in children and adolescent skiers. Am J Sports Med. 1979;7(4):245–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Gaulrapp H, Becker A, Walther M, Hess H. Injuries in women’s soccer: a 1-year all players prospective field study of the women’s Bundesliga (German premier league). Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(4):264–71. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181e78e33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gibbs N. Injuries in professional rugby league. A three-year prospective study of the South Sydney Professional Rugby League Football Club. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21(5):696–700.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Giza E, Fuller C, Junge A, Dvorak J. Mechanisms of foot and ankle injuries in soccer. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31(4):550–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Hagglund M, Walden M, Ekstrand J. Previous injury as a risk factor for injury in elite football: a prospective study over two consecutive seasons. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(9):767–72. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.026609.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Harringe ML, Renström P, Werner S. Injury incidence, mechanism and diagnosis in top-level teamgym: a prospective study conducted over one season. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17(2):115–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Hjelm N, Werner S, Renstrom P. Injury profile in junior tennis players: a prospective two year study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18(6):845–50. doi:10.1007/s00167-010-1094-4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Hosea TM, Carey CC, Harrer MF. The gender issue: epidemiology of ankle injuries in athletes who participate in basketball. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;372:45–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Wadley GH, Albright JP. Women’s intercollegiate gymnastics. Injury patterns and “permanent” medical disability. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21(2):314–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Johansson C. Injuries in elite orienteers. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14(5):410–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Johansson C. Training, injury and disease in senior and junior elite orienteers. Sci J Orienteering. 1988;4(1):3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF, Campbell RJ, Pope MH. Trends in skiing injuries. Analysis of a 6-year study (1972 to 1978). Am J Sports Med. 1980;8(2):106–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Jones BH, Cowan DN, Tomlinson JP, Robinson JR, Polly DW, Frykman PN. Epidemiology of injuries associated with physical training among young men in the army. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(2):197–203.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Junge A, Chomiak J, Dvorak J. Incidence of football injuries in youth players. Comparison of players from two European regions. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28(5 Suppl):S47–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Junge A, Dvorak J. Injuries in female football players in top-level international tournaments. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(Suppl 1):i3–7. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.036020.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Junge A, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T. Football injuries during the World Cup 2002. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(1 Suppl):23S–7S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Junge A, Engebretsen L, Alonso JM, Renstrom P, Mountjoy M, Aubry M, et al. Injury surveillance in multi-sport events: the International Olympic Committee approach. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(6):413–21. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.046631.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Junge A, Engebretsen L, Mountjoy ML, Alonso JM, Renstrom P, Aubry MJ, et al. Sports injuries during the Summer Olympic Games 2008. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(11):2165–72. doi:10.1177/0363546509339357.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Junge A, Lamprecht M, Stamm H, Hasler H, Bizzini M, Tschopp M, et al. Countrywide campaign to prevent soccer injuries in swiss amateur players. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(1):57–63. doi:10.1177/0363546510377424.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Junge A, Langevoort G, Pipe A, Peytavin A, Wong F, Mountjoy M, et al. Injuries in team sport tournaments during the 2004 Olympic Games. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(4):565–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Junge A, Rosch D, Peterson L, Graf-Baumann T, Dvorak J. Prevention of soccer injuries: a prospective intervention study in youth amateur players. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(5):652–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Kirkpatrick DP, Hunter RE, Janes PC, Mastrangelo J, Nicholas RA. The snowboarder’s foot and ankle. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(2):271–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Kofotolis N, Kellis E. Ankle sprain injuries: a 2-year prospective cohort study in female Greek professional basketball players. J Athl Train. 2007;42(3):388–94.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Kostopoulos N, Dimitrios P. Injuries in basketball. Biol Exerc. 2010;6(1):47–55.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Kucera KL, Marshall SW, Kirkendall DT, Marchak PM, Garrett WE Jr. Injury history as a risk factor for incident injury in youth soccer. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(7):462–6. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.013672.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Langevoort G, Myklebust G, Dvorak J, Junge A. Handball injuries during major international tournaments. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17(4):400–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00587.x.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Le Gall F, Carling C, Reilly T. Injuries in young elite female soccer players: an 8-season prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(2):276–84. doi:10.1177/0363546507307866.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Le Gall F, Carling C, Reilly T, Vandewalle H, Church J, Rochcongar P. Incidence of injuries in elite French youth soccer players: a 10-season study. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(6):928–38. doi:10.1177/0363546505283271.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Leary T, White JA. Acute injury incidence in professional county club cricket players (1985–1995). Br J Sports Med. 2000;34(2):145–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Linde F. Injuries in orienteering. Br J Sports Med. 1986;20(3):125–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Linko PE, Blomberg HK, Frilander HM. Orienteering competition injuries: injuries incurred in the Finnish Jukola and Venla relay competitions. Br J Sports Med. 1997;31(3):205–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Maehlum S, Daljord OA. Acute sports injuries in Oslo: a one-year study. Br J Sports Med. 1984;18(3):181–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Malliou P, Beneka A, Tsigganos G, Gioftsidou A, Germanou E, Michalopoulou M. Are injury rates in female volleyball players age related? Sport Sci Health. 2007;2(3):113–7.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Marchi AG, Di Bello D, Messi G, Gazzola G. Permanent sequelae in sports injuries: a population based study. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81(4):324–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Marfleet P. Ultimate injuries: a survey. Br J Sports Med. 1991;25(4):235–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Marshall SW, Covassin T, Dick R, Nassar LG, Agel J. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s gymnastics injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association injury surveillance system, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):234–40.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Marshall SW, Hamstra-Wright KL, Dick R, Grove KA, Agel J. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s softball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):286–94.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. McGuine TA, Brooks A, Hetzel S. The effect of lace-up ankle braces on injury rates in high school basketball players. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(9):1840–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. McGuine TA, Hetzel S, Wilson J, Brooks A. The effect of lace-up ankle braces on injury rates in high school basketball players. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(1):49–57. doi:10.1177/0363546511422332.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. McMaster WC, Walter M. Injuries in soccer. Am J Sports Med. 1978;6(6):354–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Michelson JD, Durant DM, McFarland E. The injury risk associated with pes planus in athletes. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23(7):629–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Nelson NG, McKenzie LB. Rock climbing injuries treated in emergency departments in the US, 1990–2007. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(3):195–200. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.04.025.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Nelson WE, DePalma B, Gieck JH, McCue FC, Kulund DN. Intercollegiate lacrosse injuries. Phys Sportsmed. 1981;9(10):86–92.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Nickel C, Xernial O, Musahl V, Hansen U, Zantop T, Petersen W. A prospective study of kitesurfing injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(4):921–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Nysted M, Drogset JO. Trampoline injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(12):984–7. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.029009.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Orchard J, Seward H. Epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League, seasons 1997–2000. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36(1):39–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Orchard J, Wood T, Seward H, Broad A. Comparison of injuries in elite senior and junior Australian football. J Sci Med Sport. 1998;1(2):82–8.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Pasanen K, Parkkari J, Kannus P, Rossi L, Palvanen M, Natri A, et al. Injury risk in female floorball: a prospective one-season follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(1):49–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Price RJ, Hawkins RD, Hulse MA, Hodson A. The Football Association medical research programme: an audit of injuries in academy youth football. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38(4):466–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Purdam C. A survey of netball and basketball injuries. Excel. 1987;3(3):9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Putukian M, Knowles WK, Swere S, Castle NG. Injuries in indoor soccer. The Lake Placid Dawn to Dark Soccer Tournament. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(3):317–22. doi:10.1177/036354659602400312.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Ramirez M, Schaffer KB, Shen H, Kashani S, Kraus JF. Injuries to high school football athletes in California. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(7):1147–58. doi:10.1177/0363546505284385.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Rebella GS, Edwards JO, Greene JJ, Husen MT, Brousseau DC. A prospective study of injury patterns in high school pole vaulters. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(5):913–20. doi:10.1177/0363546507313571.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Romiti M, Finch CF, Gabbe B. A prospective cohort study of the incidence of injuries among junior Australian football players: evidence for an effect of playing-age level. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(6):441–6. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.042721.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Sadat-Ali M, Sankaran-Kutty M. Soccer injuries in Saudi Arabia. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(5):500–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Sankey RA, Brooks JHM, Kemp SPT, Haddad FS. The epidemiology of ankle injuries in professional rugby union players. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(12):2415–24. doi:10.1177/0363546508322889.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Schafle MD, Requa RK, Patton WL, Garrick JG. Injuries in the 1987 national amateur volleyball tournament (Blessures dans le cadre du tournoi national amateur de volleyball). Am J Sports Med. 1990;18(6):624–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Schick DM, Meeuwisse WH. Injury rates and profiles in female ice hockey players. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31(1):47–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Schick DM, Molloy MG, Wiley JP. Injuries during the 2006 Women’s Rugby World Cup. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(6):447–51. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.046672.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Schulz MR, Marshall SW, Yang J, Mueller FO, Weaver NL, Bowling JM. A prospective cohort study of injury incidence and risk factors in North Carolina high school competitive cheerleaders. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(2):396–405.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Shields BJ, Fernandez SA, Smith GA. Epidemiology of cheerleading stunt-related injuries in the United States. J Athl Train. 2009;44(6):586–94. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-44.6.586.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Shields BJ, Smith GA. Epidemiology of strain/sprain injuries among cheerleaders in the United States. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29(9):1003–12. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.05.014.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Sinha A, McGlone RG, Montgomery K. Study of aeroball injuries. Br J Sports Med. 1997;31(3):200–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Snellman K, Parkkari J, Kannus P, Leppala J, Vuori I, Jarvinen M. Sports injuries in floorball: a prospective one-year follow-up study. Int J Sports Med. 2001;22(7):531–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Soderman K, Adolphson J, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Injuries in adolescent female players in European football: a prospective study over one outdoor soccer season. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2001;11(5):299–304.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Solgard L, Nielsen AB, Moller-Madsen B, Jacobsen BW, Yde J, Jensen J. Volleyball injuries presenting in casualty: a prospective study. Br J Sports Med. 1995;29(3):200–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Starkey C. Injuries and illnesses in the National Basketball Association: a 10-year. J Athl Train. 2000;35(2):161–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Steffen K, Pensgaard AM, Bahr R. Self-reported psychological characteristics as risk factors for injuries in female youth football. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;19(3):442–51. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00797.x.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Tegnander A, Olsen O, Moholdt T, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. Injuries in Norwegian female elite soccer: a prospective one-season cohort study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008;16(2):194–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Timpka T, Risto O, Bjormsjo M. Boys soccer league injuries: a community-based study of time-loss from sports participation and long-term sequelae. Eur J Public Health. 2008;18(1):19–24. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckm050.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Turbeville SD, Cowan LD, Asal NR, Owen WL, Anderson MA. Risk factors for injury in middle school football players. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31(2):276–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Tyler TF, McHugh MP, Mirabella MR, Mullaney MJ, Nicholas SJ. Risk factors for noncontact ankle sprains in high school football players—the role of previous ankle sprains and body mass index. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(3):471–5. doi:10.1177/0363546505280429.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Verhagen E, van der Beek A, Twisk J, Bouter L, Bahr R, van Mechelen W. The effect of a proprioceptive balance board training program for the prevention of ankle sprains: a prospective controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(6):1385–93. doi:10.1177/0363546503262177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Volpi P, Pozzoni R, Galli M. The major traumas in youth football. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2003;11(6):399–402.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Walden M, Hagglund M, Ekstrand J. Injuries in Swedish elite football—a prospective study on injury definitions, risk for injury and injury pattern during 2001. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15(2):118–25. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00393.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Waterman BR, Owens BD, Davey S, Zacchilli MA, Belmont PJ Jr. The epidemiology of ankle sprains in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(13):2279–84. doi:10.2106/jbjs.i.01537.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Watson AW. Ankle sprains in players of the field-games Gaelic football and hurling. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1999;39(1):66–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Watson AWS. Sports injuries in the game of hurling—a one-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(3):323–8. doi:10.1177/036354659602400313.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Watson MD, DiMartino PP. Incidence of injuries in high school track and field athletes and its relation to performance ability. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(3):251–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Wedderkopp N, Kaltoft M, Holm R, Froberg K. Comparison of two intervention programmes in young female players in European handball—with and without ankle disc. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2003;13(6):371–5. doi:10.1046/j.1600-0838.2003.00336.x.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Wedderkopp N, Kaltoft M, Lundgaard B, Rosendahl M, Froberg K. Injuries in young female players in European team handball. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7(6):342–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Wheeler BR. Slow-pitch softball injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12(3):237–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Wiesler ER, Hunter M, Martin DF, Curl WW, Hoen H. Ankle flexibility and injury patterns in dancers. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(6):754–7. doi:10.1177/036354659602400609.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Wikstrom J, Andersson C. A prospective study of injuries in licensed floorball players (Une etude prospective des blessures chez les joueurs licencies de balle au sol, sport pratique en Suede). Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7(1):38–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Williamson DM, Lowdon IM. Ice-skating injuries. Injury. 1986;17(3):205–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Woods C, Hawkins R, Hulse M, Hodson A. The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football: an analysis of ankle sprains. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(3):233–8. doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.3.233.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Yard EE, Shcroeder MJ, Fields SK, Collins CL, Comstock RD. The epidemiology of United States high school soccer injuries, 2005–2007. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(10):1930–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Yde J, Nielsen AB. Sports injuries in adolescents’ ball games: soccer, handball and basketball. Br J Sports Med. 1990;24(1):51–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Zillmer DA, Powell JW, Albright JP. Gender-specific injury patterns in high school varsity basketball. J Women Health. 1992;1(1):69–76.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Cumps E, Verhagen E, Meeusen R. Prospective epidemiological study of basketball injuries during one competitive season: ankle sprains and overuse knee injuries. J Sports Sci Med. 2007;6(2):204–11.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Junge A, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, Peterson L. Football injuries during FIFA tournaments and the Olympic Games, 1998–2001: development and implementation of an injury-reporting system. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(1 Suppl):80S–9S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Finch CF, Valuri G, Ozanne-Smith J. Injury surveillance during medical coverage of sporting events–development and testing of a standardised data collection form. J Sci Med Sport. 1999;2(1):42–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Peterson L, Junge A, Chomiak J, Graf-Baumann T, Dvorak J. Incidence of football injuries and complaints in different age groups and skill-level groups. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28(5 Suppl):S51–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Keller CS, Noyes FR, Buncher CR. The medical aspects of soccer injury epidemiology. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(3):230–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Levy IM. Formulation and sense of the NAIRS athletic injury surveillance system. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16(Suppl 1):S132–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Hagglund M, Walden M, Bahr R, Ekstrand J. Methods for epidemiological study of injuries to professional football players: developing the UEFA model. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(6):340–6. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018267.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Verhagen E, Van der Beek AJ, Bouter LM, Bahr RM, Van Mechelen W. A one season prospective cohort study of volleyball injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38(4):477–81. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.005785.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Ristolainen L, Heinonen A, Waller B, Kujala UM, Kettunen JA. Gender differences in sport injury risk and types of injuries: a retrospective twelve-month study on cross-country skiers, swimmers, long-distance runners and soccer players. J Sports Sci Med. 2009;8(3):443–51.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Rozzi SL, Lephart SM, Gear WS, Fu FH. Knee joint laxity and neuromuscular characteristics of male and female soccer and basketball players. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27(3):312–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Quatman CE, Myer GD, Khoury J, Wall EJ, Hewett TE. Sex differences in “weightlifting” injuries presenting to United States emergency rooms. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(7):2061–7. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b86cb9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Agel J, Bershadsky B, Arendt EA. Hormonal therapy: ACL and ankle injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(1):7–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Hesar NGZ, Calders P, Thijs Y, Roosen P, Witvrouw E. The influence of menstrual cycle on ankle proprioception. Isokin Exerc Sci. 2008;16(2):119–23.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Beaulieu ML, Lamontagne M, Xu LY. Lower limb muscle activity and kinematics of an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre: a gender comparison. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(8):968–76. doi:10.1007/s00167-009-0821-1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Joseph MF, Rahl M, Sheehan J, MacDougall B, Horn E, Denegar CR, et al. Timing of lower extremity frontal plane motion differs between female and male athletes during a landing task. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(7):1517–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. McLean SG, Walker KB, Van den Bogert AJ. Effect of gender on lower extremity kinematics during rapid direction changes: an integrated analysis of three sports movements. J Sci Med Sport. 2005;8(4):411–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Hewett TE, Ford KR, Myer GD. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: part 2, a meta-analysis of neuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(3):490–8. doi:10.1177/0363546505282619.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Lohmander LS, Ostenberg A, Englund M, Roos H. High prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, pain, and functional limitations in female soccer players twelve years after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(10):3145–52. doi:10.1002/art.20589.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Quatman-Yates CC, Quatman CE, Meszaros AJ, Paterno MV, Hewett TE. A systematic review of sensorimotor function during adolescence: a developmental stage of increased motor awkwardness? Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(9):649–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Conn JM, Annest JL, Bossarte RM, Gilchrist J. Non-fatal sports and recreational violent injuries among children and teenagers, United States, 2001–2003. J Sci Med Sport. 2006;9(6):479–89. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.03.004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Kelso JA. Phase transitions and critical behavior in human bimanual coordination. Am J Physiol. 1984;246(6 Pt 2):R1000–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Kelso JA, Holt KG, Rubin P, Kugler PN. Patterns of human interlimb coordination emerge from the properties of non-linear, limit cycle oscillatory processes: theory and data. J Mot Behav. 1981;13(4):226–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Robertson SD, Zelaznik HN, Lantero DA, Bojczyk KG, Spencer RM, Doffin JG, Schneidt T. Correlations for timing consistency among tapping and drawing tasks: evidence against a single timing process for motor control. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1999;25(5):1316–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Davids K, Glazier P, Araújo D, Bartlett R. Movement systems as dynamical systems: the functional role of variability and its implications for sports medicine. Sports Med. 2003;33(4):245–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Davids K, Glazier P. Deconstructing neurobiological coordination: the role of the biomechanics-motor control nexus. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2010;38(2):86–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Barrett JR, Tanji JL, Drake C, Fuller D, Kawasaki RI, Fenton RM. High- versus low-top shoes for the prevention of ankle sprains in basketball players. A prospective randomized study. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21(4):582–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Borowski LA, Yard EE, Fields SK, Comstock RD. The epidemiology of US high school basketball injuries, 2005–2007. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(12):2328–35. doi:10.1177/0363546508322893.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Chan KM, Yuan Y, Li CK, Chien P, Tsang G. Sports causing most injuries in Hong Kong. Br J Sports Med. 1993;27(4):263–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Gomez E, DeLee JC, Farney WC. Incidence of injury in Texas girls’ high school basketball. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(5):684–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Henry JH, Lareau B, Neigut D. The injury rate in professional basketball. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10(1):16–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Zelisko JA, Noble HB, Porter M. A comparison of men’s and women’s professional basketball injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10(5):297–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Castro M, Janeira MA, Fernandes O, Cunha L. Biomechanical analysis of an inciting event of ankle sprain on basketball players. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(6):511–2.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Briner WW Jr, Kacmar L. Common injuries in volleyball. Mechanisms of injury, prevention and rehabilitation. Sports Med. 1997;24(1):65–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Gross P, Marti B. Risk of degenerative ankle joint disease in volleyball players: study of former elite athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1999;20(1):58–63. doi:10.1055/s-2007-971094.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Reeser JC. Volleyball injury epidemiology. Int J Vol Res. 2000;3(1):26–30.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Reeser JC, Verhagen E, Briner WW, Askeland TI, Bahr R. Strategies for the prevention of volleyball related injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(7):594–600 (discussion 599–600). doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018234.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Sato Y, Matsumoto H. Retrospective case evaluation of gender differences in sports injuries in a Japanese sports medicine clinic. Gend Med. 2008;5(4):405–14. doi:10.1016/j.genm.2008.10.002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Zecher SB, Leach RE. Lower leg and foot injuries in tennis and other racquet sports. Clin Sports Med. 1995;14(1):223–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Jackson DS, Furman WK, Berson BL. Patterns of injuries in college athletes: a retrospective study of injuries sustained in intercollegiate athletics in two colleges over a two-year period. Mt Sinai J Med. 1980;47(4):423–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Jarret GJ, Orwin JF, Dick RW. Injuries in collegiate wrestling. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(5):674–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Strauss RH, Lanese RR. Injuries among wrestlers in school and college tournaments. JAMA. 1982;248(16):2016–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Bleakley CM, McDonough SM, MacAuley DC, Bjordal J. Cryotherapy for acute ankle sprains: a randomised controlled study of two different icing protocols. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(8):700–5 (discussion 5). doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.025932.

  219. Bleakley CM, O’Connor SR, Tully MA, Rocke LG, Macauley DC, Bradbury I, et al. Effect of accelerated rehabilitation on function after ankle sprain: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c1964. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1964.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Boyce SH, Quigley MA, Campbell S. Management of ankle sprains: a randomised controlled trial of the treatment of inversion injuries using an elastic support bandage or an Aircast ankle brace. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(2):91–6. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.009233.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Lamb SE, Marsh JL, Hutton JL, Nakash R, Cooke MW. Mechanical supports for acute, severe ankle sprain: a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9663):575–81. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60206-3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Emery CA, Meeuwisse WH. The effectiveness of a neuromuscular prevention strategy to reduce injuries in youth soccer: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(8):555–62. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.074377.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Janssen KW, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E. Ankles back in randomized controlled trial (ABrCt): braces versus neuromuscular exercises for the secondary prevention of ankle sprains. Design of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12(210). doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-210.

  224. Wedderkopp N, Kaltoft M, Lundgaard B, Rosendahl M, Froberg K. Prevention of injuries in young female players in European team handball. A prospective intervention study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1999;9(1):41–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Waterman BR, Belmont PJ Jr, Cameron KL, Deberardino TM, Owens BD. Epidemiology of ankle sprain at the United States Military Academy. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(4):797–803. doi:10.1177/0363546509350757.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Wright IC, Neptune RR, van den Bogert AJ, Nigg BM. The influence of foot positioning on ankle sprains. J Biomech. 2000;33(5):513–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Attarian DE, McCrackin HJ, DeVito DP, McElhaney JH, Garrett WE Jr. Biomechanical characteristics of human ankle ligaments. Foot Ankle. 1985;6(2):54–8.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Fong DT, Chan YY, Mok KM, Yung PSh, Chan KM. Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2009;1:14. doi:10.1186/1758-2555-1-14.

  229. Loudon JK, Bell SL. The foot and ankle: an overview of arthrokinematics and selected joint techniques. J Athl Train. 1996;31(2):173–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Almeida SA, Williams KM, Shaffer RA, Brodine SK. Epidemiological patterns of musculoskeletal injuries and physical training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(8):1176–82. doi:10.1097/00005768-199908000-00015.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Finestone A, Milgrom C, Evans R, Yanovich R, Constantini N, Moran DS. Overuse injuries in female infantry recruits during low-intensity basic training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(11 Suppl):S630–5. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181892ff9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Jones BH, Bovee MW, Harris JM 3rd, Cowan DN. Intrinsic risk factors for exercise-related injuries among male and female army trainees. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21(5):705–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Belmont PJ Jr, Goodman GP, Waterman B, DeZee K, Burks R, Owens BD. Disease and nonbattle injuries sustained by a U.S. Army Brigade Combat Team during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Mil Med. 2010;175(7):469–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Davidson PL, Chalmers DJ, Wilson BD, McBride D. Lower limb injuries in New Zealand Defence Force personnel: descriptive epidemiology. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2008;32(2):167–73. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2008.00195.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Hughes CD, Weinrauch PCL. Military static line parachute injuries in an Australian commando battalion. ANZ J Surg. 2008;78(10):848–52. doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2008.04581.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Kragh JF Jr, Taylor DC. Fast-roping injuries among Army Rangers: a retrospective survey of an elite airborne battalion. Mil Med. 1995;160(6):277–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Miser WF, Doukas WC, Lillegard WA. Injuries and illnesses incurred by an army ranger unit during Operation Just Cause. Mil Med. 1995;160(8):373–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Dettori JR, Pearson BD, Basmania CJ, Lednar WM. Early ankle mobilization, part I: the immediate effect on acute, lateral ankle sprains (a randomized clinical trial). Mil Med. 1994;159(1):15–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Fong DT, Hong Y, Chan LK, Yung PS, Chan KM. A systematic review on ankle injury and ankle sprain in sports. Sports Med. 2007;37(1):73–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Da J. Improving the reporting of clinical case series. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(5):900–5.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Health Research Board (HRA_POR/2011/46) as follows: PI—Eamonn Delahunt; Co-investigators—Chris Bleakley and Jay Hertel; PhD student—Cailbhe Doherty. The authors have no potential conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Health Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

    Cailbhe Doherty, Eamonn Delahunt & Brian Caulfield

  2. Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster Sports Academy, University of Ulster, Jordanstown campus, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland

    Chris Bleakley

  3. Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

    Eamonn Delahunt

  4. Department of Human Services, Curry School of Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Jay Hertel

  5. St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

    John Ryan

Authors
  1. Cailbhe Doherty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eamonn Delahunt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Brian Caulfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jay Hertel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. John Ryan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Chris Bleakley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cailbhe Doherty.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Doherty, C., Delahunt, E., Caulfield, B. et al. The Incidence and Prevalence of Ankle Sprain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Epidemiological Studies. Sports Med 44, 123–140 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0102-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0102-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation