Ferric Carboxymaltose: A Review of Its Use in Iron Deficiency
- 1.6k Downloads
- 31 Citations
Abstract
Ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject®, Injectafer®) is an intravenous iron preparation approved in numerous countries for the treatment of iron deficiency. A single high dose of ferric carboxymaltose (up to 750 mg of iron in the US and 1,000 mg of iron in the EU) can be infused in a short time frame (15 min). Consequently, fewer doses of ferric carboxymaltose may be needed to replenish iron stores compared with some other intravenous iron preparations (e.g. iron sucrose). Ferric carboxymaltose improved self-reported patient global assessment, New York Heart Association functional class and exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency in two randomized, placebo-controlled trials (FAIR-HF and CONFIRM-HF). In other randomized controlled trials, ferric carboxymaltose replenished iron stores and corrected anaemia in various populations with iron-deficiency anaemia, including patients with chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease or heavy uterine bleeding, postpartum iron-deficiency anaemia and perioperative anaemia. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose was generally well tolerated, with a low risk of hypersensitivity reactions. It was generally better tolerated than oral ferrous sulfate, mainly reflecting a lower incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects. The most common laboratory abnormality seen in ferric carboxymaltose recipients was transient, asymptomatic hypophosphataemia. The higher acquisition cost of ferric carboxymaltose appeared to be offset by lower costs for other items, with the potential for cost savings. In conclusion, ferric carboxymaltose is an important option for the treatment of iron deficiency.
Keywords
Iron Deficiency Serum Ferritin Level Transferrin Saturation Oral Iron Intravenous IronNotes
Disclosure
The preparation of this review was not supported by any external funding. Gillian Keating is a salaried employee of Adis/Springer. During the peer review process, the manufacturer of the agent under review was offered an opportunity to comment on this article. Changes resulting from comments received were made by the author on the basis of scientific and editorial merit.
References
- 1.Arora NP, Ghali JK. Iron deficiency anemia in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2013;18(4):485–501.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.World Health Organization. Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention and control. 2001. http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/WHO_NHD_01.3/en/. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 3.Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS, et al. Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. Gut. 2011;60(10):1309–16.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Abbaspour N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R. Review on iron and its importance for human health. J Res Med Sci. 2014;19(2):164–74.PubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 5.Breymann C, Bian X-M, Blanco-Capito LR, et al. Expert recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy and the postpartum period in the Asia-Pacific region. J Perinat Med. 2011;39(2):113–21.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Ganz T. Systemic iron homeostasis. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(4):1721–41.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Goodnough LT. Iron deficiency syndromes and iron-restricted erythropoiesis (CME). Transfusion (Paris). 2012;52(7):1584–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Liu K, Kaffes AJ. Iron deficiency anaemia: a review of diagnosis, investigation and management. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24(2):109–16.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Lyseng-Williamson KA, Keating GM. Ferric carboxymaltose: a review of its use in iron-deficiency anaemia. Drugs. 2009;69(6):739–56.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Geisser P. The pharmacology and safety profile of ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject®): structure/reactivity relationships of iron preparations. Port J Nephrol Hypert. 2009;23(1):11–6.Google Scholar
- 11.Funk F, Ryle P, Canclini C, et al. The new generation of intravenous iron: chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of ferric carboxymaltose. Arzneimittelforschung. 2010;60(6a):345–53.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 12.Geisser P, Rumyantsev V. Pharmacodynamics and safety of ferric carboxymaltose: a multiple-dose study in patients with iron-deficiency anaemia secondary to a gastrointestinal disorder. Arzneimittelforschung. 2010;60(6a):373–85.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 13.Geisser P, Baer M, Schaub E. Structure/histotoxicity relationship of parenteral iron preparations. Arzneimittelforschung. 1992;42(12):1439–52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 14.Beshara S, Sörensen J, Lubberink M, et al. Pharmacokinetics and red cell utilization of 52Fe/59Fe-labelled iron polymaltose in anaemic patients using positron emission tomography. Br J Haematol. 2003;120(5):853–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Geisser P, Banké-Bochita J. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose: a dose-escalation study in volunteers with mild iron-deficiency anaemia. Arzneimittelforschung. 2010;60(6):362–72.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 16.Wolf M, Koch TA, Bregman DB. Effects of iron deficiency anemia and its treatment on fibroblast growth factor 23 and phosphate homeostasis in women. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(8):1793–803.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Kulnigg-Dabsch S, Evstatiev R, Dejaco C, et al. Effect of iron therapy on platelet counts in patients with inflammatory bowel disease-associated anemia. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34520.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Kulnigg-Dabsch S, Schmid W, Howaldt S, et al. Iron deficiency generates secondary thrombocytosis and platelet activation in IBD: the randomized, controlled ThromboVIT trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(8):1609–16.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 19.Brissot P, Ropert M, Le Lan C, et al. Non-transferrin bound iron: a key role in iron overload and iron toxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1820(3):403–10.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Martin-Malo A, Merino A, Carracedo J, et al. Effects of intravenous iron on mononuclear cells during the haemodialysis session. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(6):2465–71.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Agarwal R. Iron, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23(8):1195–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Toblli JE, Cao G, Olivieri L, et al. Comparison of the renal, cardiovascular and hepatic toxicity data of original intravenous iron compounds. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(11):3631–40.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.Prats M, Font R, García-Ruiz C, et al. Acute and sub-acute effect of ferric carboxymaltose on inflammation and adhesion molecules in patients with predialysis chronic renal failure. Nefrologia. 2013;33(3):355–61.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 24.Prats M, Font R, Garcia C, et al. Oxidative stress markers in predicting response to treatment with ferric carboxymaltose in nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Nephrol. 2014;81(6):419–26.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Public assessment report (mutual recognition procedure): Ferinject (ferric carboxymaltose) 50mg iron/mL solution for injection/infusion. 2007. http://www.mhra.gov.uk. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 26.American Regent Inc. Injectafer® (ferric carboxymaltose injection): US prescribing information. 2013. http://www.fda.gov. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 27.Malek A. In vitro studies of ferric carboxymaltose on placental permeability using the dual perfusion model of human placenta. Arzneimittelforschung. 2010;60(6a):354–61.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 28.Vifor Pharma UK Limited. Ferinject (ferric carboxymaltose): UK summary of product characteristics. 2013. http://www.medicines.org.uk. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 29.Breymann C, Gliga F, Bejenariu C, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of postpartum iron deficiency anemia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2008;101(1):67–73.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(25):2436–48.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin-Colet J, et al. Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency. Eur Heart J. 2014. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu385.Google Scholar
- 32.Filippatos G, Farmakis D, Colet JC, et al. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in iron-deficient chronic heart failure patients with and without anaemia: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15(11):1267–76.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.Van Craenenbroeck EM, Conraads VM, Greenlaw N, et al. The effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on red cell distribution width: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15(7):756–62.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 34.Comin-Colet J, Lainscak M, Dickstein K, et al. The effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF study. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(1):30–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.Gutzwiller FS, Pfeil AM, Comin-Colet J, et al. Determinants of quality of life of patients with heart failure and iron deficiency treated with ferric carboxymaltose: FAIR-HF sub-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(4):3878–83.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.Ponikowski P, Macdougall I, Anker SD. The impact of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on renal function: an analysis of the FAIR-HF study (poster). In: 43rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Nephrology. Denver (CO); 2010. pp. 18–21.Google Scholar
- 37.Onken JE, Bregman DB, Harrington RA, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron-deficiency anemia and impaired renal function: the REPAIR-IDA trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(4):833–42.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 38.Macdougall IC, Bock AH, Carrera F, et al. FIND-CKD: a randomized trial of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus oral iron in patients with chronic kidney disease and iron deficiency anaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(11):2075–84.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 39.Qunibi WY, Martinez C, Smith M, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing intravenous ferric carboxymaltose with oral iron for treatment of iron deficiency anaemia of non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(5):1599–607.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 40.Schaefer RM, Khasabov NN, Todorov NG, et al. The efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose compared to iron sucrose in haemodialysis patients with iron deficiency anaemia (abstract no. MP375). In: 45th Congress of the European Renal Association and the European Dialysis and Transplant Association; 2008Google Scholar
- 41.Charytan C, Bernardo MV, Koch TA, et al. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus standard medical care in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized, active-controlled, multi-center study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(4):953–64.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 42.Evstatiev R, Marteau P, Iqbal T, et al. FERGIcor, a randomized controlled trial on ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(3):846-53.e1–2.Google Scholar
- 43.Kulnigg S, Stoinov S, Simanenkov V, et al. A novel intravenous iron formulation for treatment of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: the ferric carboxymaltose (FERINJECT®) randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(5):1182–92.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.Evstatiev R, Alexeeva O, Bokemeyer B, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose prevents recurrence of anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(3):269–77.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 45.Befrits R, Wikman O, Blomquist L, et al. Anemia and iron deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease: an open, prospective, observational study on diagnosis, treatment with ferric carboxymaltose and quality of life. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(9):1027–32.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 46.Stein J, Dignass A, Weber-Mangal S, et al. Improvement in hematological status and symptoms in IBD patients using ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject®): a German multicenter non-interventional study (abstract no. P157). J Crohns Colitis. 2011;5(1):S77–S8.Google Scholar
- 47.Seid MH, Derman RJ, Baker JB, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose injection in the treatment of postpartum iron deficiency anemia: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199(4):435.e1–7.Google Scholar
- 48.Van Wyck DB, Martens MG, Seid MH, et al. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose compared with oral iron in the treatment of postpartum anemia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(2 Pt 1):267–78.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 49.Van Wyck DB, Mangione A, Morrison J, et al. Large-dose intravenous ferric carboxymaltose injection for iron deficiency anemia in heavy uterine bleeding: a randomized, controlled trial. Transfusion (Paris). 2009;49(12):2719–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 50.Favrat B, Balck K, Breymann C, et al. Evaluation of a single dose of ferric carboxymaltose in fatigued, iron-deficient women: PREFER a randomized, placebo-controlled study. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e94217.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 51.Herfs R, Fleitmann L, Kocsis I. Treatment of iron deficiency with or without anaemia with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in gynaecological practices: a non-interventional study. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2014;74(1):81–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 52.Froessler B, Collingwood J, Hodyl NA, et al. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose for anaemia in pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:115.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 53.Bisbe E, Moltó L, Arroyo R, et al. Randomized trial comparing ferric carboxymaltose vs oral ferrous glycine sulphate for postoperative anaemia after total knee arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113(3):402–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 54.Delgado S, Calleja JL, del Val A, et al. Efficacy of preoperative administration of ferric carboxymaltose in colon cancer patients and anemia (abstract no. Mo1111). Gastroenterology. 2013;144(5 Suppl 1):S581.Google Scholar
- 55.Bisbe E, García-Erce JA, Díez-Lobo AI, et al. A multicentre comparative study on the efficacy of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose and iron sucrose for correcting preoperative anaemia in patients undergoing major elective surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(3):477–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 56.Hedenus M, Karlsson T, Ludwig H, et al. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose as sole anemia therapy in patients with lymphoid malignancies, chemotherapy-induced anemia and functional iron deficiency (abstract). Blood. 2013;122(21).Google Scholar
- 57.Steinmetz T, Tschechne B, Harlin O, et al. Clinical experience with ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of cancer- and chemotherapy-associated anaemia. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(2):475–82.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 58.Toledano A, Luporsi E, Scotté F, et al. Observational study of ferric carboxymaltose in France (OncoFer; interim analysis) (abstract). J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(15 Suppl 1).Google Scholar
- 59.Bager P, Dahlerup JF. Randomised clinical trial: oral vs. intravenous iron after upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage—a placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39(2):176–87.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 60.Barish CF, Koch T, Butcher A, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (750 mg) in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia: two randomized, controlled trials. Anemia. 2012. doi: 10.1155/2012/172104.PubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 61.Onken JE, Bregman DB, Harrington RA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, active-controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Transfusion (Paris). 2014;54(2):306–15.Google Scholar
- 62.Hussain I, Bhoyroo J, Butcher A, et al. Direct comparison of the safety and efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose versus iron dextran in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Anemia. 2013. doi: 10.1155/2013/169107.PubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 63.Bailie GR, Mason NA, Valaoras TG. Safety and tolerability of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Hemodial Int. 2010;14(1):47–54.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 64.Gutzwiller FS, Schwenkglenks M, Blank PR, et al. Health economic assessment of ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency and chronic heart failure based on the FAIR-HF trial: an analysis for the UK. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14(7):782–90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 65.Blank PR, Schwenkglenks M, Szucs TD. Cost-effectiveness of ferric carboxymaltose in patients with chronic heart failure: an analysis from the FAIR-HF trial (abstract no. P1437). Eur Heart J. 2010;31(Suppl 1):225.Google Scholar
- 66.Lim E-A, Sohn H-S, Lee H, et al. Cost-utility of ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject®) for iron-deficiency anemia patients with chronic heart failure in South Korea. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2014;12:19.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 67.Wilson PD, Hutchings A, Jeans A, et al. An analysis of the health service efficiency and patient experience with two different intravenous iron preparations in a UK anaemia clinic. J Med Econ. 2013;16(1):108–14.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 68.Fragoulakis V, Kourlaba G, Goumenos D, et al. Economic evaluation of intravenous iron treatments in the management of anemia patients in Greece. Clinicoeconom Out Res. 2012;4:127–34.Google Scholar
- 69.Calvet X, Ruíz MA, Dosal A, et al. Cost-minimization analysis favours intravenous ferric carboxymaltose over ferric sucrose for the ambulatory treatment of severe iron deficiency. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45604.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 70.Bager P, Dahlerup JF. The health care cost of intravenous iron treatment in IBD patients depends on the economic evaluation perspective. J Crohns Colitis. 2010;4(4):427–30.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 71.Gasche C, Berstad A, Befrits R, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13(12):1545–53.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 72.Van Assche G, Dignass A, Bokemeyer B, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 3: special situations. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7(1):1–33.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 73.KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney International Supplements. 2012;2(4):279–335.Google Scholar
- 74.Pavord S, Myers B, Robinson S, et al. UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Br J Haematol. 2012;156(5):588–600.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 75.Gomollón F, Gisbert JP. Current management of iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases: a practical guide. Drugs. 2013;73(16):1761–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 76.Macdougall IC. Iron supplementation in the non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (ND-CKD) patient: oral or intravenous. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(2):473–82.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 77.Koskenkorva-Frank TS, Weiss G, Koppenol WH, et al. The complex interplay of iron metabolism, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species: insights into the potential of various iron therapies to induce oxidative and nitrosative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013;65:1174–94.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 78.Muñoz M, Gómez-Ramírez S, Martín-Montañez E, et al. Perioperative anemia management in colorectal cancer patients: a pragmatic approach. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(8):1972–85.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 79.Günthner-Biller M, Knabl J, Kost B, et al. Postpartum anaemia: a global healthcare problem. Hosp Pharm Eur. 2010;48:43–5.Google Scholar
- 80.Vifor Pharma UK Limited. Venofer (iron sucrose): UK summary of product characteristics. 2013. http://www.medicines.org.uk. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 81.American Regent Inc. Venofer® (iron sucrose injection, USP): US prescribing information. 2014. http://www.venofer.com. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 82.Sanofi-Aventis US LLC. Ferrlecit® (sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose injection): US prescribing information. 2011. http://www.fda.gov. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 83.European Medicines Agency. Rienso (ferumoxytol): EU summary of product characteristics. 2014. http://www.ema.europa.eu. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 84.AMAG Pharmaceuticals Inc. Feraheme® (ferumoxytol) injection: US prescribing information. 2013. http://www.fda.gov. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 85.Pharmacosmos UK Limited. Monofer (iron (III) isomaltoside 1000): UK summary of product characteristics. 2014. http://www.medicines.org.uk. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 86.American Regent Inc. Dexferrum® (iron dextran injection, USP): US prescribing information. 2008. http://www.fda.gov. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 87.Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc. INFeD® (iron dextran injection USP): US prescribing information. 2009. http://www.fda.gov. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 88.Pharmacosmos UK Limited. CosmoFer (iron (III)-hydroxide dextran complex): UK summary of product characteristics. 2014. http://www.medicines.org.uk. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 89.European Medicines Agency. New recommendations to manage risk of allergic reactions with intravenous iron-containing medicines. 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 90.Blazevic A, Hunze J, Boots JMM. Severe hypophosphataemia after intravenous iron administration. Neth J Med. 2014;72(1):49–53.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 91.Prats M, Font R, García C, et al. Effect of ferric carboxymaltose on serum phosphate and C-terminal FGF23 levels in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: post-hoc analysis of a prospective study. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:167.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 92.Litton E, Xiao J, Ho KM. Safety and efficacy of intravenous iron therapy in reducing requirement for allogeneic blood transfusion: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2013. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f4822.PubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 93.Data on file, Vifor Inc, 2014.Google Scholar
- 94.Carman N, Muir R, Lewindon P. Rapid infusion, high dose ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of iron deficiency in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a single centre experience (abstract no. P369). J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:S219.Google Scholar
- 95.Laass MW, Straub S, Chainey S, et al. Effectiveness and safety of ferric carboxymaltose treatment in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and other gastrointestinal diseases. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14(1):184.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 96.Avni T, Leibovici L, Gafter-Gvili A. Iron supplementation for the treatment of chronic heart failure and iron deficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:423–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 97.Silverberg DS, Iaina A, Schwartz D, et al. Intravenous iron in heart failure: beyond targeting anemia. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2011;8(1):14–21.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 98.Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Fitterman N, et al. Treatment of anemia in patients with heart disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(11):770–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 99.McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(14):1787–847.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 100.Macdougall IC. Intravenous iron therapy in non-dialysis CKD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(4):717–20.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 101.Schmid H, Schiffl H, Lederer SR. New strategies for managing anemia of chronic kidney disease. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2012;10.Google Scholar
- 102.Reinisch W, Staun M, Bhandari S, et al. State of the iron: how to diagnose and efficiently treat iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7(6):429–40.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 103.de Silva AD, Tsironi E, Feakins RM, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of oral iron therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective, comparative trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(11–12):1097–105.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 104.Erichsen K, Ulvik RJ, Nysaeter G, et al. Oral ferrous fumarate or intravenous iron sucrose for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40(9):1058–65.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 105.Kent AJ, Blackwell VJ, Travis SPL. What is the optimal treatment for anemia in inflammatory bowel disease? Curr Drug Deliv. 2012;9(4):356–66.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 106.Gomollón F, Gisbert JP. Intravenous iron in inflammatory bowel diseases. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2013;29(2):201–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 107.Blumenstein I, Dignass A, Vollmer S, et al. Current practice in the diagnosis and management of IBD-associated anaemia and iron deficiency in Germany: the German AnaemIBD Study. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8(10):1308–14.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 108.Breymann C, Krafft A. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy and postpartum. Transfus Altern Transfus Med. 2012;12(3–4):135–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 109.Christoph P, Schuller C, Studer H, et al. Intravenous iron treatment in pregnancy: comparison of high-dose ferric carboxymaltose vs. iron sucrose. J Perinat Med. 2012;40(5):469–74.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 110.Marret H, Fauconnier A, Chabbert-Buffet N, et al. Clinical practice guidelines on menorrhagia: management of abnormal uterine bleeding before menopause. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;152(2):133–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 111.Muñoz M, Gómez-Ramírez S, Cuenca J, et al. Very-short-term perioperative intravenous iron administration and postoperative outcome in major orthopedic surgery: a pooled analysis of observational data from 2547 patients. Transfusion (Paris). 2014;54(2):289–99.Google Scholar
- 112.Beris P, Muñoz M, García-Erce JA, et al. Perioperative anaemia management: consensus statement on the role of intravenous iron. Br J Anaesth. 2008;100(5):599–604.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 113.World Health Organization. WHO global forum for blood safety: patient blood management. 2011. http://www.who.int/bloodsafety/events/gfbs_01_pbm/en/. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 114.Shander A, Javidroozi M, Perelman S, et al. From bloodless surgery to patient blood management. Mt Sinai J Med. 2012;79(1):56–65.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 115.Kotzé A, Carter LA, Scally AJ. Effect of a patient blood management programme on preoperative anaemia, transfusion rate, and outcome after primary hip or knee arthroplasty: a quality improvement cycle. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108(6):943–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 116.Goodnough LT, Maniatis A, Earnshaw P, et al. Detection, evaluation, and management of preoperative anaemia in the elective orthopaedic surgical patient: NATA guidelines. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106(1):13–22.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 117.Bernabeu-Wittel M, Aparicio R, Romero M, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose with or without erythropoietin for the prevention of red-cell transfusions in the perioperative period of osteoporotic hip fractures: a randomized contolled trial. the PAHFRAC-01 project. BMC Musculoskel Dis. 2012;13:27.Google Scholar
- 118.Reim D, Kim Y-W, Nam BH, et al. FAIRY: a randomized controlled patient-blind phase III study to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject®) to placebo in patients with acute isovolemic anemia after gastrectomy—study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15:111.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 119.University College London. Preoperative intravenous iron to treat anaemia in major surgery (PREVENTT) (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01692418) US National Institues of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov. 2014. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01692418. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 120.University of Zurich. Impact of preoperative treatment of anemia and iron deficiency in cardiac surgery on outcome (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02031289) US National Institues of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov. 2014. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02031289. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 121.National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®). Cancer- and chemotherapy-induced anemia: version 2.2015. 2014. http://www.nccn.org. Accessed 6 Nov 2014.
- 122.Henry DH, Dahl NV, Auerbach MA. Thrombocytosis and venous thromboembolism in cancer patients with chemotherapy induced anemia may be related to ESA induced iron restricted erythropoiesis and reversed by administration of IV iron. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(3):308–10.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 123.Barkun AN, Bardou M, Kuipers EJ, et al. International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(2):101–13.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 124.Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(1):11–21.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 125.Anker SD, Colet JC, Filippatos G, et al. Rationale and design of Ferinject® assessment in patients with IRon deficiency and chronic Heart Failure (FAIR-HF) study: a randomized, placebo-controlled study of intravenous iron supplementation in patients with and without anaemia. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(11):1084–91.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 126.Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin Colet J, et al. Rationale and design of the CONFIRM-HF study: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the effects of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on functional capacity in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency. ESC Heart Fail. 2014. doi: 10.1002/2055-5822.12006.
- 127.Szczech LA, Bregman DB, Harrington RA, et al. Randomized evaluation of efficacy and safety of ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency anaemia and impaired renal function (REPAIR-IDA): rationale and study design. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(7):2368–75.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 128.Macdougall IC, Bock A, Carrera F, et al. The FIND-CKD study—a randomized controlled trial of intravenous iron versus oral iron in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: background and rationale. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(4):843–50.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar