Clinical Pharmacokinetics

, Volume 57, Issue 2, pp 125–149 | Cite as

Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl and Its Derivatives in Children: A Comprehensive Review

  • Victoria C. Ziesenitz
  • Janelle D. Vaughns
  • Gilbert Koch
  • Gerd Mikus
  • Johannes N. van den Anker
Review Article
First Online:

Abstract

Fentanyl and its derivatives sufentanil, alfentanil, and remifentanil are potent opioids. A comprehensive review of the use of fentanyl and its derivatives in the pediatric population was performed using the National Library of Medicine PubMed. Studies were included if they contained original pharmacokinetic parameters or models using established routes of administration in patients younger than 18 years of age. Of 372 retrieved articles, 44 eligible pharmacokinetic studies contained data of 821 patients younger than 18 years of age, including more than 46 preterm infants, 64 full-term neonates, 115 infants/toddlers, 188 children, and 28 adolescents. Underlying diagnoses included congenital heart and pulmonary disease and abdominal disorders. Routes of drug administration were intravenous, epidural, oral-transmucosal, intranasal, and transdermal. Despite extensive use in daily clinical practice, few studies have been performed. Preterm and term infants have lower clearance and protein binding. Pharmacokinetics was not altered by chronic renal or hepatic disease. Analyses of the pooled individual patients’ data revealed that clearance maturation relating to body weight could be best described by the Hill function for sufentanil (R 2 = 0.71, B max 876 mL/min, K 50 16.3 kg) and alfentanil (R 2 = 0.70, B max (fixed) 420 mL/min, K 50 28 kg). The allometric exponent for estimation of clearance of sufentanil was 0.99 and 0.75 for alfentanil clearance. Maturation of remifentanil clearance was described by linear regression to bodyweight (R 2 = 0.69). The allometric exponent for estimation of remifentanil clearance was 0.76. For fentanyl, linear regression showed only a weak correlation between clearance and bodyweight in preterm and term neonates (R 2 = 0.22) owing to a lack of data in older age groups. A large heterogeneity regarding study design, clinical setting, drug administration, laboratory assays, and pharmacokinetic estimation was observed between studies introducing bias into the analyses performed in this review. A limitation of this review is that pharmacokinetic data, based on different modes of administration, dosing schemes, and parameter estimation methods, were combined.

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Notes

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Funding

The research leading to this manuscript has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research; technological development, and demonstration under Grant Agreement No. 261060 (Global Research in Paediatrics—network of excellence). Janelle D. Vaughns (5T32HD087969) and Johannes N. van den Anker (5T32HD087969 and 5U54HD090254) were supported by National Institutes of Health Grants to conduct this review.

Conflict of interest

Victoria C. Ziesenitz, Janelle D. Vaughns, Gilbert Koch, Gerd Mikus, and Johannes N. van den Anker have no conflicts of interest directly relevant to the content of this review.

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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and PharmacometricsUniversity of Basel Children’s HospitalBaselSwitzerland
  2. 2.Department of Pediatric CardiologyUniversity Children’s HospitalHeidelbergGermany
  3. 3.Department of Anesthesia and Pain MedicineChildren’s National Health SystemWashingtonUSA
  4. 4.Division of Clinical PharmacologyChildren’s National Health SystemWashingtonUSA
  5. 5.Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacoepidemiologyUniversity HospitalHeidelbergGermany
  6. 6.Intensive Care, Department of Pediatric SurgeryErasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands

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