Lateral Load Capacity of Piles in Clay Using Genetic Programming and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline
Technical Note
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:
- 223 Downloads
Abstract
This study presents the development of predictive models of lateral load capacity of pile in clay using artificial intelligence techniques; genetic programming and multivariate adaptive regression spline. The developed models are compared with different empirical models, artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) models in terms of different statistical criteria. A ranking system is presented to evaluate present models with respect to above models. Model equations are presented and are found to be more compact compared to ANN and SVM models. A sensitivity analysis is made to identify the important inputs contributing to the lateral load capacity of pile.
Keywords
Lateral loaded pile Clay Genetic programming Statistical methodReferences
- 1.Abu-Farsakh MY, Titi HH (2004) Assessment of direct cone penetration test methods for predicting the ultimate capacity of friction driven piles. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130(9):935–944CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Abu-Kiefa MA (1998) General regression neural networks for driven piles in cohesionless soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124(12):1177–1185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Alavi AH, Gandomi AH (2011) Prediction of principal ground-motion parameters using a hybrid method coupling artificial neural networks and simulated annealing. Comput Struct 89(23–24):2176–2194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Alavi AH, Gandomi AH (2011) A robust data mining approach for formulation of geotechnical engineering systems. Eng Comput 28(3):242–274CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 5.Bartlett PL (1998) The sample complexity of pattern classification with neural networks; the size of the weights is more important than the size of network. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 44(2):525–536MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 6.Basheer IA (2001) Empirical modeling of the compaction curve of cohesive soil. Can Geotech J 38(1):29–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Briaud JL, Tucker LM (1988) Measured and predicted axial response of 98 piles. J Geotech Eng 114(9):984–1001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Broms BB (1964) Lateral resistance of piles in cohesive soils. J Soil Mech Found Eng ASCE 90(SM. 2):27–63Google Scholar
- 9.Chan WT, Chow YK, Liu LF (1995) Neural network: an alternative to pile driving formulas. J Comput Geotech 17:135–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Das SK, Sivakugan N (2010) Discussion of intelligent computing for modeling axial capacity of pile foundations. Can Geotech J 37(8):928–930CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Das SK, Samui P, Sabat AK (2011) Application of artificial intelligence to maximum dry density and unconfined compressive strength of cement stabilized soil. Geotech Geol J 29(3):329–342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Das SK, Biswal RK, Sivakugan N, Das B (2011) Classification of slopes and prediction of factor of safety using differential evolution neural networks. Environ Earth Sci 64:201–210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.Das SK, Basudhar PK (2006) Undrained lateral load capacity of piles in clay using artificial neural network. Comput Geotech 33:454–459CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Das SK, Basudhar PK (2008) Prediction of residual friction angle of clays using artificial neural network. Eng Geol 100(3–4):142–145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Das SK. Muduli PK (2011) Evaluation of liquefaction potential of soil using genetic programming. In: Proceeding of Indian geotechnical conference, 15–17 Dec, Kochi, pp 827–830Google Scholar
- 16.Das SK, Samui P, Sabat AK, Sitharam TG (2010) Prediction of swelling pressure of soil using artificial intelligence techniques. Environ Earth Sci 61(2):393–403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Demuth H, Beale M (2000) Neural network toolbox. The MathWorks Inc, NatickGoogle Scholar
- 18.Friedman J (1991) Multivariate adaptive regression splines. Ann Stat 19:1–141CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 19.Gandomi AH, Alavi AH (2012) A new multi-gene genetic programming approach to nonlinear system modeling. Part II: geotechnical and earthquake engineering problems. Neural Comput Appl 21:189–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Gandomi AH, Alavi AH (2013) Hybridizing genetic programming with orthogonal least squares for modeling of soil liquefaction. J Earthq Eng Hazard Mitig 1(1):1–8MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 21.Gandomi AH, Alavi AH, Mousavi M, Tabatabaei SM (2011) A hybrid computational approach to derive new ground-motion prediction equations. Eng Appl Artif Intell 24:717–732CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Gandomi AH, Yun GJ, Alavi AH (2013) An evolutionary approach for modeling of shear strength of RC deep beams. Mater Struct. doi: 10.1617/s11527-013-0039-z Google Scholar
- 23.Giustolisi O, Doglioni A, Savic DA, Webb BW (2007) A multi-model approach to analysis of environmental phenomena. Environ Model Softw 22(5):674–682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.Goh ATC, Kulhawy FH, Chua CG (2005) Bayesian neural network analysis of undrained side resistance of drilled shafts. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 131(1):84–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Goh ATC (1995) Empirical design in geotechnics using neural networks. Geotechnique 45(4):709–714MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 26.Goh ATC (1996) Pile driving records reanalyzed using neural networks. J Geotech Eng ASCE 122(6):492–495CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.Hansen B (1961) The ultimate resistance of rigid piles against transversal force”, Bulletin No. 12, Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, pp 5–9Google Scholar
- 28.Ilonen J, Kamarainen JK, Lampinen J (2003) Differential evolution training algorithm for feed-forward neural network. Neural Process Lett 17:93–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 29.Javadi AA, Rezania M, Nezhad MM (2006) Evaluation of liquefaction induced lateral displacements using genetic programming. J Comput Geotech 33:222–233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Koza JR (1992) Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by natural selection. The MIT Press, CambridgeMATHGoogle Scholar
- 31.Lee IM, Lee JH (1996) Prediction of pile bearing capacity using artificial neural networks. Comput Geotech 18(3):189–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.MathWork Inc. (2005) Matlab User’s manual, Version 6.5. Natick (MA)Google Scholar
- 33.Matlock H, Reese LC (1962) Generalized solutions for laterally loaded piles. Trans ASCE 127:1220–1248Google Scholar
- 34.Meyerhof GG (1976) Bearing capacity and settlement of pile foundations. J Geotech Eng ASCE 102(3):196–228Google Scholar
- 35.Morshed J, Kaluarachchi JJ (1998) Parameter estimation using artificial neural network and genetic algorithm for free-product migration and recovery. Water Resour Res AGU 34(5):1101–1113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.Pal M, Deswal S (2010) Modelling pile capacity using Gaussian process regression. Comput Geotech 37:942–947CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 37.Portugal JC, Seco e Pinto PS (1993) Analysis and design of pile under lateral loads. In: Proceedings of the 11th international geotechnical seminar on deep foundation on bored and auger piles, Belgium, pp 309–313Google Scholar
- 38.Poulos HG, Davis EH (1980) Pile foundation analysis and design. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- 39.Rao, K.M. and Suresh Kumar, V., 1996. Measured and predicted response of laterally loaded piles. In: Proceedings of the sixth international conference and exhibition on piling and deep foundations, Mumbai, pp 161–167Google Scholar
- 40.Rezania M, Javadi AA (2007) A new genetic programming model for predicting settlement of shallow foundations. Can Geotech J 44:1462–1473CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.Samui P (2008) Prediction of friction capacity of driven piles in clay using the support vector machine. Can Geotech J 45(2):288–295CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 42.Samui P, Das S, Kim D (2011) Uplift capacity of suction caisson in clay using multivariate adaptive regression spline. Ocean Eng 38(17–18):2123–2127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 43.Samui P (2011) Multivariate adaptive regression spline applied to friction capacity of driven piles in clay. Int J Geomech Eng 3(4):1–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.Searson, D.P., Leahy, D.E. and Willis, M.J., 2010. GPTIPS: an open source genetic programming toolbox from multi-gene symbolic regression. In: Proceedings of the international multi conference of engineers and computer scientists, Hong KongGoogle Scholar
- 45.Teh CI, Wong KS, Goh ATC, Jaritngam S (1997) Prediction of pile capacity using neural networks. J Comput Civil Eng ASCE 11(2):129–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 46.Yang CX, Tham LG, Feng XT, Wang YJ, Lee PK (2004) Two stepped evolutionary algorithm and its application to stability analysis of slopes. J Comput Civil Eng ASCE 18(2):145–153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Indian Geotechnical Society 2014