Skip to main content
Log in

Autoimmune Enzephalitiden

Assoziierte Antikörper sind entscheidende Marker für Pathogenese und Prognose

  • zertifizierte fortbildung
  • Published:
InFo Neurologie & Psychiatrie Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die Inzidenz von Antikörper-assoziierten Enzephalitiden hat in den letzten Jahren stetig zugenommen. Dabei ist es wichtig, zwischen Antikörpern, die gegen intrazelluläre Proteine gerichtet sind und Antikörpern gegen neuronale Oberflächenproteine zu differenzieren, da sich die damit assoziierten Enzephalitiden sowohl in der Pathogenese als auch der Prognose unterscheiden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

1
2
3
4

Literatur

  1. Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW, Clewley JP, Walsh AL, Morgan D, et al. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Dec;10(12):835–44. PubMed PMID: 20952256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Singh TD, Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA. The spectrum of acute encephalitis: causes, management, and predictors of outcome. Neurology. 2015 Jan 27;84(4):359–66. PubMed PMID: 25540320.

  3. Graus F, Keime-Guibert F, Rene R, Benyahia B, Ribalta T, Ascaso C, et al. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: analysis of 200 patients. Brain. 2001 Jun;124(Pt 6):1138–48. PubMed PMID: 11353730.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dalmau J, Rosenfeld MR. Paraneoplastic syndromes of the CNS. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Apr;7(4):327–40. PubMed PMID: 18339348. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2367117.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Monstad SE, Knudsen A, Salvesen HB, Aarseth JH, Vedeler CA. Onconeural antibodies in sera from patients with various types of tumours. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy: CII. 2009 Nov;58(11):1795–800. PubMed PMID: 19294382.

  6. Bernal F, Graus F, Pifarre A, Saiz A, Benyahia B, Ribalta T. Immunohistochemical analysis of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol. 2002 May;103(5):509–15. PubMed PMID: 11935268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bien CG, Vincent A, Barnett MH, Becker AJ, Blumcke I, Graus F, et al. Immunopathology of autoantibody-associated encephalitides: clues for pathogenesis. Brain. 2012 May;135(Pt 5):1622–38. PubMed PMID: 22539258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Albert ML, Austin LM, Darnell RB. Detection and treatment of activated T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Ann Neurol. 2000 Jan;47(1):9–17. PubMed PMID: 10632096.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tuzun E, Zhou L, Baehring JM, Bannykh S, Rosenfeld MR, Dalmau J. Evidence for antibody-mediated pathogenesis in anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma. Acta Neuropathol. 2009 Dec;118(6):737–43. PubMed PMID: 19680671. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2888642.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hughes EG, Peng X, Gleichman AJ, Lai M, Zhou L, Tsou R, et al. Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. J Neurosci. 2010 Apr 28;30(17):5866-75. PubMed PMID: 20427647. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2868315.

  11. Pruss H, Finke C, Holtje M, Hofmann J, Klingbeil C, Probst C, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2012 Dec;72(6):902–11. PubMed PMID: 23280840. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3725636.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Armangue T, Leypoldt F, Malaga I, Raspall-Chaure M, Marti I, Nichter C, et al. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis is a trigger of brain autoimmunity. Ann Neurol. 2014 Feb;75(2):317–23. PubMed PMID: 24318406. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3961499.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Luque FA, Furneaux HM, Ferziger R, Rosenblum MK, Wray SH, Schold SC, Jr., et al. Anti-Ri: an antibody associated with paraneoplastic opsoclonus and breast cancer. Ann Neurol. 1991 Mar;29(3):241–51. PubMed PMID: 2042940.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mitchell AN, Bakhos CT, Zimmerman EA. Anti-Ri-associated paraneoplastic brainstem cerebellar syndrome with coexisting limbic encephalitis in a patient with mixed large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma. J Clin Neurosci. 2015 Feb;22(2):421–3. PubMed PMID: 25443085.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Fancellu R, Corsini E, Bernardi G, Buzzo P, Ferrari ML, Lamantea E, et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-Hu antibodies and benign ganglioneuroma. Functional neurology. 2014 Oct-Dec;29(4):277–80. PubMed PMID: 25764259. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4370442.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Voltz R, Gultekin SH, Rosenfeld MR, Gerstner E, Eichen J, Posner JB, et al. A serologic marker of paraneoplastic limbic and brain-stem encephalitis in patients with testicular cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jun 10;340(23):1788–95. PubMed PMID: 10362822.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Honnorat J, Cartalat-Carel S, Ricard D, Camdessanche JP, Carpentier AF, Rogemond V, et al. Onco-neural antibodies and tumour type determine survival and neurological symptoms in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with Hu or CV2/CRMP5 antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009 Apr;80(4):412–6. PubMed PMID: 18931014. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2664637.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Aliprandi A, Terruzzi A, Rigamonti A, Bazzigaluppi E, Tremolizzo L, Ferrarese C, et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti-CV2/CRMP5 antibodies and prostate adenocarcinoma. Neurol Sci. 2015 Aug;36(8):1501–3. PubMed PMID: 25686614.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Murinson BB, Guarnaccia JB. Stiff-person syndrome with amphiphysin antibodies: distinctive features of a rare disease. Neurology. 2008 Dec 9;71(24):1955–8. PubMed PMID: 18971449. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2676978.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Moon J, Lee ST, Shin JW, Byun JI, Lim JA, Shin YW, et al. Non-stiff anti-amphiphysin syndrome: clinical manifestations and outcome after immunotherapy. J Neuroimmunol. 2014 Sep 15;274(1-2):209–14. PubMed PMID: 25087755.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Meinck HM, Thompson PD. Stiff man syndrome and related conditions. Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 Sep;17(5):853–66. PubMed PMID: 12360534.

  22. Saiz A, Blanco Y, Sabater L, Gonzalez F, Bataller L, Casamitjana R, et al. Spectrum of neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: diagnostic clues for this association. Brain. 2008 Oct;131(Pt 10):2553–63. PubMed PMID: 18687732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Greene M, Lai Y, Baella N, Dalmau J, Lancaster E. Antibodies to Delta/notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor in patients with anti-Tr, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, and Hodgkin lymphoma. JAMA neurology. 2014 Aug;71(8):1003–8. PubMed PMID: 24935874. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4130785.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Adamus G, Guy J, Schmied JL, Arendt A, Hargrave PA. Role of anti-recoverin autoantibodies in cancer-associated retinopathy. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 1993 Aug;34(9):2626–33. PubMed PMID: 7688357.

  25. Tschernatsch M, Singh P, Gross O, Gerriets T, Kneifel N, Probst C, et al. Anti-SOX1 antibodies in patients with paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic neuropathy. J Neuroimmunol. 2010 Sep 14;226(1-2):177–80. PubMed PMID: 20701982.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Dalmau J. Encephalitis and antibodies to synaptic and neuronal cell surface proteins. Neurology. 2011 Jul 12;77(2):179–89. PubMed PMID: 21747075. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3140073.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lennox BR, Coles AJ, Vincent A. Antibody-mediated encephalitis: a treatable cause of schizophrenia. The British journal of psychiatry: the journal of mental science. 2012 Feb;200(2):92–4. PubMed PMID: 22297586.

  28. Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2011 Jan;10(1):63–74. PubMed PMID: 21163445. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3158385.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, Rossi JE, Peng X, Lai M, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Dec;7(12):1091–8. PubMed PMID: 18851928. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2607118.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gresa-Arribas N, Titulaer MJ, Torrents A, Aguilar E, McCracken L, Leypoldt F, et al. Antibody titres at diagnosis and during follow-up of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Feb;13(2):167–77. PubMed PMID: 24360484. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4006368.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, Armangue T, Glaser C, Iizuka T, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Feb;12(2):157–65. PubMed PMID: 23290630. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3563251.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Pruss H, Holtje M, Maier N, Gomez A, Buchert R, Harms L, et al. IgA NMDA receptor antibodies are markers of synaptic immunity in slow cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2012 May 29;78(22):1743–53. PubMed PMID: 22539565. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3359581.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Vincent A, Buckley C, Schott JM, Baker I, Dewar BK, Detert N, et al. Potassium channel antibody-associated encephalopathy: a potentially immunotherapy-responsive form of limbic encephalitis. Brain. 2004 Mar;127(Pt 3):701–12. PubMed PMID: 14960497.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lai M, Huijbers MG, Lancaster E, Graus F, Bataller L, Balice-Gordon R, et al. Investigation of LGI1 as the antigen in limbic encephalitis previously attributed to potassium channels: a case series. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Aug;9(8):776–85. PubMed PMID: 20580615. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3086669.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Irani SR, Michell AW, Lang B, Pettingill P, Waters P, Johnson MR, et al. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2011 May;69(5):892–900. PubMed PMID: 21416487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Irani SR, Pettingill P, Kleopa KA, Schiza N, Waters P, Mazia C, et al. Morvan syndrome: clinical and serological observations in 29 cases. Ann Neurol. 2012 Aug;72(2):241–55. PubMed PMID: 22473710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lai M, Hughes EG, Peng X, Zhou L, Gleichman AJ, Shu H, et al. AMPA receptor antibodies in limbic encephalitis alter synaptic receptor location. Ann Neurol. 2009 Apr;65(4):424–34. PubMed PMID: 19338055. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2677127.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Jarius S, Steinmeyer F, Knobel A, Streitberger K, Hotter B, Horn S, et al. GABAB receptor antibodies in paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia. J Neuroimmunol. 2013 Mar 15;256 (1–2):94–6. PubMed PMID: 23332614.

  39. Mundiyanapurath S, Jarius S, Probst C, Stocker W, Wildemann B, Bosel J. GABA-B-receptor antibodies in paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2013 Jun 15;259(1-2):88–91. PubMed PMID: 23628208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lancaster E, Lai M, Peng X, Hughes E, Constantinescu R, Raizer J, et al. Antibodies to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series and characterisation of the antigen. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Jan;9(1):67–76. PubMed PMID: 19962348. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2824142.

  41. Petit-Pedrol M, Armangue T, Peng X, Bataller L, Cellucci T, Davis R, et al. Encephalitis with refractory seizures, status epilepticus, and antibodies to the GABAA receptor: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Mar;13(3):276–86. PubMed PMID: 24462240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Carvajal-Gonzalez A, Leite MI, Waters P, Woodhall M, Coutinho E, Balint B, et al. Glycine receptor antibodies in PERM and related syndromes: characteristics, clinical features and outcomes. Brain. 2014 Aug;137 (Pt 8):2178–92. PubMed PMID: 24951641. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4107739.

  43. McKeon A, Martinez-Hernandez E, Lancaster E, Matsumoto JY, Harvey RJ, McEvoy KM, et al. Glycine receptor autoimmune spectrum with stiff-man syndrome phenotype. JAMA neurology. 2013 Jan;70(1):44–50. PubMed PMID: 23090334. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3718477.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Mat A, Adler H, Merwick A, Chadwick G, Gullo G, Dalmau JO, et al. Ophelia syndrome with metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antibodies in CSF. Neurology. 2013 Apr 2;80(14):1349–50. PubMed PMID: 23486886. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3656459.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Titulaer MJ, Boulos M, Weaver S, Antoine JC, et al. Antibodies to metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the Ophelia syndrome. Neurology. 2011 Nov 1;77(18):1698–701. PubMed PMID: 22013185. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3208954.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Balint B, Jarius S, Nagel S, Haberkorn U, Probst C, Blocker IM, et al. Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus: a new variant with DPPX antibodies. Neurology. 2014 Apr 29;82(17):1521–8. PubMed PMID: 24696508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Tobin WO, Lennon VA, Komorowski L, Probst C, Clardy SL, Aksamit AJ, et al. DPPX potassium channel antibody: frequency, clinical accompaniments, and outcomes in 20 patients. Neurology. 2014 Nov 11;83(20):1797–803. PubMed PMID: 25320100. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4240433.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Dale RC, Merheb V, Pillai S, Wang D, Cantrill L, Murphy TK, et al. Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders. Brain. 2012 Nov;135(Pt 11):3453–68. PubMed PMID: 23065479.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sabater L, Gaig C, Gelpi E, Bataller L, Lewerenz J, Torres-Vega E, et al. A novel non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye-movement parasomnia with sleep breathing disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and post-mortem study. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Jun;13(6):575–86. PubMed PMID: 24703753. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4104022.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Leypoldt F, Armangue T, Dalmau J. Autoimmune encephalopathies. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015 Mar;1338:94–114. PubMed PMID: 25315420. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4363225.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Baumgartner A, Rauer S, Mader I, Meyer PT. Cerebral FDG-PET and MRI findings in autoimmune limbic encephalitis: correlation with autoantibody types. J Neurol. 2013 Nov;260(11):2744–53. PubMed PMID: 23900756.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Irani SR, Alexander S, Waters P, Kleopa KA, Pettingill P, Zuliani L, et al. Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan’s syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia. Brain. 2010 Sep;133(9):2734–48. PubMed PMID: 20663977. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2929337.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wang J, Wang K, Wu D, Liang H, Zheng X, Luo B. Extreme delta brush guides to the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. J Neurol Sci. 2015 Jun 15;353(1-2):81–3. PubMed PMID: 25921549.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Thieben MJ, Lennon VA, Boeve BF, Aksamit AJ, Keegan M, Vernino S. Potentially reversible autoimmune limbic encephalitis with neuronal potassium channel antibody. Neurology. 2004 Apr 13;62(7):1177–82. PubMed PMID: 15079019.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Graus F, Saiz A, Dalmau J. Antibodies and neuronal autoimmune disorders of the CNS. J Neurol. 2010 Apr;257(4):509–17. PubMed PMID: 20035430.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Pruss H, Dalmau J, Harms L, Holtje M, Ahnert-Hilger G, Borowski K, et al. Retrospective analysis of NMDA receptor antibodies in encephalitis of unknown origin. Neurology. 2010 Nov 9;75(19):1735–9. PubMed PMID: 21060097.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jarius S, Hoffmann L, Clover L, Vincent A, Voltz R. CSF findings in patients with voltage gated potassium channel antibody associated limbic encephalitis. J Neurol Sci. 2008 May 15;268(1-2):74–7. PubMed PMID: 18068189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Titulaer MJ, Soffietti R, Dalmau J, Gilhus NE, Giometto B, Graus F, et al. Screening for tumours in paraneoplastic syndromes: report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2011 Jan;18(1):19–e3. PubMed PMID: 20880069. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3086523.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Gozzard P, Maddison P. Which antibody and which cancer in which paraneoplastic syndromes? Practical neurology. 2010 Oct;10(5):260–70. PubMed PMID: 20858627.

  60. Pruss H, Voltz R, Flath B, Rudolph B, Klingebiel R, Zschenderlein R, et al. Anti-Ta-associated paraneoplastic encephalitis with occult testicular intratubular germ-cell neoplasia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;78(6):651–2. PubMed PMID: 17507450. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2077963.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Arino H, Hoftberger R, Gresa-Arribas N, Martinez-Hernandez E, Armangue T, Kruer MC, et al. Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies. JAMA neurology. 2015 Aug 1;72(8):874–81. PubMed PMID: 26099072.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Tan KM, Lennon VA, Klein CJ, Boeve BF, Pittock SJ. Clinical spectrum of voltage-gated potassium channel autoimmunity. Neurology. 2008 May 13;70(20):1883–90. PubMed PMID: 18474843.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hoftberger R, Titulaer MJ, Sabater L, Dome B, Rozsas A, Hegedus B, et al. Encephalitis and GABAB receptor antibodies: novel findings in a new case series of 20 patients. Neurology. 2013 Oct 22;81(17):1500–6. PubMed PMID: 24068784. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3888170.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Sillevis Smitt P, Kinoshita A, De Leeuw B, Moll W, Coesmans M, Jaarsma D, et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia due to autoantibodies against a glutamate receptor. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 6;342(1):21–7. PubMed PMID: 10620645.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Candler PM, Hart PE, Barnett M, Weil R, Rees JH. A follow up study of patients with paraneoplastic neurological disease in the United Kingdom. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;75(10):1411–5. PubMed PMID: 15377687. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1738729.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Keime-Guibert F, Graus F, Fleury A, Rene R, Honnorat J, Broet P, et al. Treatment of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with antineuronal antibodies (Anti-Hu, anti-Yo) with a combination of immunoglobulins, cyclophosphamide, and methylprednisolone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Apr;68(4):479–82. PubMed PMID: 10727484. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1736897.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Malter MP, Helmstaedter C, Urbach H, Vincent A, Bien CG. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase define a form of limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2010 Apr;67(4):470–8. PubMed PMID: 20437582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Shin YW, Lee ST, Shin JW, Moon J, Lim JA, Byun JI, et al. VGKC-complex/LGI1-antibody encephalitis: clinical manifestations and response to immunotherapy. J Neuroimmunol. 2013 Dec 15;265(1-2):75–81. PubMed PMID: 24176648.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Hoftberger R, van Sonderen A, Leypoldt F, Houghton D, Geschwind M, Gelfand J, et al. Encephalitis and AMPA receptor antibodies: Novel findings in a case series of 22 patients. Neurology. 2015 Jun 16;84(24):2403–12. PubMed PMID: 25979696. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4478035.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Frechette ES, Zhou L, Galetta SL, Chen L, Dalmau J. Prolonged follow-up and CSF antibody titers in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology. 2011 Feb 15;76(7 Suppl 2):S64–6. PubMed PMID: 21321356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Takahashi H, Mori M, Sekiguchi Y, Misawa S, Sawai S, Hattori T, et al. Development of Isaacs’ syndrome following complete recovery of voltage-gated potassium channel antibody-associated limbic encephalitis. J Neurol Sci. 2008 Dec 15;275(1-2):185–7. PubMed PMID: 18801496.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ohshita T, Kawakami H, Maruyama H, Kohriyama T, Arimura K, Matsumoto M. Voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies associated limbic encephalitis in a patient with invasive thymoma. J Neurol Sci. 2006 Dec 1;250(1-2):167–9. PubMed PMID: 17028029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sina Cathérine Rosenkranz.

Additional information

Interessenkonflikt

Die Autoren erklären, dass sie sich bei der Erstellung des Beitrags von keinen wirtschaftlichen Interessen leiten ließen und dass keine potenziellen Interessenkonflikte vorliegen.

Der Verlag erklärt, dass die inhaltliche Qualität des Beitrags von zwei unabhängigen Gutachtern geprüft wurde. Werbung in dieser Zeitschriftenausgabe hat keinen Bezug zur CME-Fortbildung.

Der Verlag garantiert, dass die CME-Fortbildung sowie die CME-Fragen frei sind von werblichen Aussagen und keinerlei Produktempfehlungen enthalten. Dies gilt insbesondere für Präparate, die zur Therapie des dargestellten Krankheitsbildes geeignet sind.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rosenkranz, S.C., Friese, M.A. Assoziierte Antikörper sind entscheidende Marker für Pathogenese und Prognose. InFo Neurologie 17, 38–49 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s15005-015-1380-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15005-015-1380-1

Navigation