Intestinal perforation by a peritoneal dialysis catheter in which fungal peritonitis led to diagnosis: a rare case report
Abstract
Intestinal perforation by a peritoneal catheter is an uncommon, but serious, complication that has a high mortality rate. Intestinal perforation in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is difficult to diagnose using symptoms and radiological findings, which may result in a delay in diagnosis. Moreover, intestinal perforation complicated with fungal peritonitis is reportedly a severe condition with a poor prognosis. Herein, we report the case of a 78-year-old man on PD, whose diagnosis of perforative peritonitis was difficult to diagnose preoperatively. He was transferred to our hospital complaining of relapsing PD-related peritonitis due to Klebsiella oxytoca infection 2 months after the insertion of the PD catheter. He had been treated with various antibiotics in the previous hospital. Over the course of treatment, he complained of diarrhea, which was diagnosed as acute enteritis. Upon admission to our hospital, he had no abnormal clinical signs except for a cloudy PD effluent. Blood examination showed a high C-reactive protein level (8.41 mg/dL), a white blood cell count in the PD fluid of 367 cell/µL (neutrophils 55.1%), and the presence of Candida parapsilosis. We initiated antifungal therapy and, during catheter removal, found evidence of intestine perforations by the PD catheter, which were successfully repaired. After catheter removal and intestine repair, he recovered and was discharged to continue undergoing hemodialysis. Based on our case, we recommend that intestine perforations should be considered as a cause of relapsing PD-related peritonitis with abdominal symptoms, particularly watery diarrhea. Furthermore, catheter removal and antifungal administration should be initiated earlier after the diagnosis of fungal peritonitis.
Keywords
Intestinal perforation Relapsing peritonitis Peritoneal dialysis Candida parapsilosisNotes
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
All authors declare no conflict of interest.
Human and animal rights
This article contains no studies involving humans or animals.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from the patient whose case is reported in this study.
References
- 1.Stuart S, Booth TC, Cash CJ, Hameeduddin A, Goode JA, Harvey C, et al. Complications of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2009;29:441–60.Google Scholar
- 2.Piraino B. Peritonitis as a complication of peritoneal dialysis. JASN. 1998;9:1956–64.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 3.Suzuki Y, Mizuno M, Nakashima R, Hiramatsu H, Toda S, Sato W, et al. A case of perforative peritonitis caused by a piece of bamboo in a patient on peritoneal dialysis. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011;15:962–5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 4.Tzamaloukas AH, Obermiller LE, Gibel LJ, Murata GH, Wood B, Simon D, et al. Peritonitis associated with intra-abdominal pathology in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int. 1993;13:S335-7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 5.Oygar DD, Altiparmak MR, Murtezaoglu A, Yalin AS, Ataman R, Serdengecti K. Fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: risk factors and prognosis. Ren Fail. 2009;31:25 – 8.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 6.Kaitwatcharachai C. Candida parapsilosis peritonitis in patients on CAPD. Mycopathologia. 2002;154:181–4.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.Wang R, Chen Z, Wang J, Zhang X, Shou Z, Chen J. Delayed bowel perforation in a peritoneal dialysis patient: a case report and literature review. Perit Dial Int. 2014;34:460–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- 8.Giacobino J, Montelli AC, Barretti P, Bruder-Nascimento A, Caramori JT, Barbosa L, et al. Fungal peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) in Brazil: molecular identification, biofilm production and antifungal susceptibility of the agents. Med Mycol. 2016;54:725–32.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 9.Chen KH, Chang CT, Yu CC, Huang JY, Yang CW, Hung CC. Candida parapsilosis peritonitis has more complications than other Candida peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2006;28:241–6.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 10.Wong PN, Mak SK, Lo KY, Tong GM, Wong AK. A retrospective study of seven cases of Candida parapsilosis peritonitis in CAPD patients: the therapeutic implications. Perit Dial Int. 2000;20:76–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 11.Garcia-Martos P, Gil de Sola F, Marin P, Garcia-Agudo L, Garcia-Agudo R, Tejuca F, et al. Fungal peritonitis in ambulatory continuous peritoneal dialysis: description of 10 cases. Nefrologia. 2009;29:534–9 (Spanish).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 12.Prakash A, Sharma D, Saxena A, Somashekar U, Khare N, Mishra A, et al. Effect of Candida infection on outcome in patients with perforation peritonitis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2008;27:107–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 13.Li PK, Szeto CC, Piraino B, de Arteaga J, Fan S, Figueiredo AE, et al. ISPD peritonitis recommendations: 2016 update on prevention and treatment. Perit Dial Int. 2016;36:481–508.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 14.Wang AY, Yu AW, Li PK, Lam PK, Leung CB, Lai KN, et al. Factors predicting outcome of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: analysis of a 9-year experience of fungal peritonitis in a single center. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:1183–92.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 15.Oishi H, Kagawa Y, Mitsumizo S, Tashiro Y, Kobayashi G, Udo K, et al. A fatal case of necrotizing fasciitis due to bacterial translocation of Klebsiella oxytoca. J Infect Chemother. 2008;14:62–5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar