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Apidologie

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Recommendations for standardized oral toxicity test protocols for larvae of solitary bees, Osmia spp.

  • Maxime EeraertsEmail author
  • Matti Pisman
  • Ruben Vanderhaegen
  • Ivan Meeus
  • Guy Smagghe
Review article
First Online:
  • 93 Downloads

Abstract

Effects of pesticides have been debated as one of the causes of worldwide declines of bee populations. Improving the risk assessment of pesticides on bees is important to halt these declines. Pesticide risk assessment today mainly focuses on one bee species, the honey bee. Because of differences in life cycles among bee species, this risk assessment needs to be adapted to take these differences into account. For both the adult and larval life stages, development of test protocols for solitary bees is required. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on larval tier 1 tests based on the first test protocols for solitary bee larvae available in the literature. As the ecology and rearing of solitary bees of the genus Osmia spp. are well known, we propose this genus as a model species in a first step to develop protocols for solitary species. In addition, we discuss guidelines, relevant endpoints, and research needs for the development of a standardized oral toxicity test protocol of solitary bee larvae.

Keywords

pesticides solitary bees Osmia spp. oral toxicity test ecotoxicology 
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Notes

Contributions

ME, MP and GS conceived the study goal. All authors contributed to writing of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.

Funding information

The research was funded by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) PhD grants 1S71416N (ME) and 1S16917N (MP). The authors also thank support by the Special Research Fund of Ghent University.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Plant and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium

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