Trigeminal neuralgia treatment outcomes following Gamma Knife radiosurgery with a minimum 3-year follow-up
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Abstract
Objective
Effective short-term outcomes have been well documented for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) patients treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) with reported success rates of 70–90 % with median follow-up intervals of 19–75 months. Fewer series, however, have described uniform long-term follow-up data. In this study, we report our long-term institutional outcomes in patients treated with GKRS after a minimum follow-up of 36 months.
Methods
Thirty-six consecutive patients with medically intractable TN received a median radiation dose of 45 Gy applied with a single 4-mm isocenter to the affected trigeminal nerve. Follow-up data were obtained by clinical examination and telephone questionnaire. Outcome results were categorized based on the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain scale with BNI I–III considered to be good outcomes and BNI IV–V considered as treatment failure. BNI facial numbness score was used to assess treatment complications.
Results
The incidence of early pain relief was high (80.5 %) and relief was noted in an average of 1.6 months after treatment. At minimum follow-up of 3 years, 67 % were pain free (BNI I) and 75 % had good treatment outcome. At a mean last follow-up of 69 months, 32 % were free from any pain and 63 % were free from severe pain. Bothersome posttreatment facial numbness was reported in 11 % of the patients. A statistically significant correlation was found between age and recurrence of any pain with age >70 predicting a more favorable outcome after radiosurgery.
Conclusion
The success rate of GKRS for treatment of medically intractable TN declines over time with 32 % reporting ideal outcome and 63 % reporting good outcome. Patients older than age 70 are good candidates for radiosurgery. This data should help in setting realistic expectations for weighing the various available treatment options.
Keywords
Trigeminal neuralgia Tic doloreaux Radiosurgery Gamma Knife Long termIntroduction
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic doloreaux, is a debilitating pain condition characterized by agonizing, paroxysmal, and lancinating pain [1]. First-line treatment includes anticonvulsant and antidepressant, but this often fails to provide pain relief and is associated with various side effects, leading patients to seek other treatments options [1]. Second-line treatment modalities are given to patients whose symptoms are intractable or who cannot tolerate medication. These include surgical procedures such as microvascular decompression, and ablative procedures such as percutaneous balloon microcompression, radiofrequency rhizotomy, glycerol rhizolysis, and Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS). The short-term outcomes of patients treated with GKRS are well described [2]. Initial publications with the GKRS system at short median follow-up of approximately 2 years report pain relief outcomes in 70–90 % of their patients and pain-free status in 20–60 % [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. As longer series with median follow-up of 19–75 months started to emerge, pain relief rates ranging from 65 to 85 % were reported [5, 8, 9, 10]. However, failure to exclude patients with short-term follow-up in long-term analysis muddied the interpretation and prevented a clear understanding of longevity of GKRS's effectiveness in controlling TN pain. More recently, a few studies have examined long-term follow-up of GKRS in controlling pain with variable outcomes [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Here, we present our long-term institutional outcomes of GK in the treatment of TN by restricting our analysis to include only those with a minimum follow-up of 36 and after only a single GK treatment.
Methods
Patient characteristics
After institutional review board approval, patient demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment history, and the radiosurgical modality were retrospectively reviewed.
Patients were also followed up by a telephone questionnaire that was conducted by a medical resident and a medical student who were not involved in treatment. Patients were questioned about the time to the onset of pain relief, the degree of pain relief, and treatment complications. Based on the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) score for TN, we classified pain relief after treatment into five grades. A BNI I score corresponded to complete pain relief without medications; BNI II score, some pain but not requiring medications; BNI III score, some pain but adequately controlled with medications; BNI IV score, some pain not adequately controlled with medication; and BNI V score, severe pain or no pain relief. The BNI facial numbness score was used to assess complications. A BNI I score corresponded to no facial numbness; BNI II score, mild facial numbness, not bothersome; BNI III, facial numbness somewhat bothersome; and BNI IV score, facial numbness, very bothersome.
Clinical demographic characteristics in 36 patients with medically intractable trigeminal neuralgia treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS)
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 14 (39 %) |
| Female | 22 (61 %) |
| Mean age (range) | 71 (29–97) |
| Prior surgery | 4 (11 %) |
| Median duration in years (range) | 6 (0.25–30) |
| Pain distribution | |
| V2 | 17 (47 %) |
| V3 | 11 (30.5 %) |
| V2,3 | 6 (17 %) |
| V1,2,3 | 2 (5.5 %) |
| Side of pain | |
| Right | 15 (42 %) |
| Left | 21 (58 %) |
Radiosurgery technique
All patients were treated on the 201-source 60Co Gamma Knife unit, model 4C, manufactured by Elekta instruments (Elekta, Norcross, Georgia). Treatment planning was performed jointly by a radiation oncologist, neurosurgeon, and medical physicist for all cases. After induction of local anesthesia, the Leksell Model G stereotactic coordinate frame was affixed to the head of each patient, and contrast enhanced MR imaging was performed to visualize and target the trigeminal nerve root entry zone. As a planning tool, the Leksell Gamma Plan System (Elekta) was used. A single 4-mm isocenter was placed adjacent to the trigeminal nerve root entry zone. The median peripheral dose was 45 Gy with a range of maximum dose between 80 and 90 Gy delivered to the involved trigeminal nerve root entry zone. A plugging pattern typically blocking 32 sources was used so that the surface of the brainstem was irradiated at no greater than the 20 % isodose line for any patient.
Statistical analysis
Treatment outcomes were assessed by patient self-reports of pain control and medication usage at last follow-up. A pain-free outcome was defined as BNI pain score I and pain relief or good outcome was regarded as maintaining a BNI pain score IIIa or better without requiring further surgery. Treatment failure was defined as pain returning to a BNI level of IV or V, or the patient undergoing an invasive surgical procedure due to uncontrolled pain. A recurrence was defined as a relapse to a previous lower level after attainment of any higher level of pain relief. Patients reported the time interval for a response and pain recurrence after GKRS. The date of treatment failure was considered to be the date at which pain relief became a BNI IV or V score.
Time to BNI class IV to V pain relapse was calculated with the Kaplan–Meier method. Log rank tests were performed to determine statistical differences between pain relapse curves. We conducted a univariate analysis of several factors hypothesized to influence or predict successful treatment, using Cox regression analysis: age, gender, side of pain, duration of symptoms, new facial numbness. A p value <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS software, version 13.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Pain relief after GKRS
a Kaplan–Meier curve for time from Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) and freedom from any pain (BNI I). b Kaplan–Meier curve for time from Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) to Barrow Neurologic Institute (BNI) class IV to V pain relapse (i.e., freedom from severe pain)
Pain response (top 5 rows) and development of facial numbness post treatment (bottom 3 rows) at last follow-up
| Number of patients (%) | |
|---|---|
| BNI pain intensity scale | |
| BNI I | 14 (39) |
| BNI II | 3 (8) |
| BNI III | 8 (22) |
| BNI IV | 8 (22) |
| BNI V | 3 (8) |
| BNI facial numbness score | |
| BNI I–II | 32 (89) |
| BNI III | 0 (0) |
| BNI IV | 4 (11) |
Summary of actuarial rates of pain outcomes at last follow-up
| Actuarial rate at 36 months (%) | Actuarial rate at 69 months (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Freedom from any pain (n = 36) | 67 | 32 |
| Freedom from any pain recurrence in responders (n = 29) | 83 | 40 |
| Freedom from severe pain or good treatment outcome (n = 36) | 75 | 63 |
Treatment-related complications
The majority of the patients (26 or 72.2 %) did not experience any post-treatment facial numbness. Two patients (16.7 %) reported mild facial numbness that was not bothersome. Very bothersome facial numbness (BNI IV) was reported in a total of four patients (11.1 %) (Table 2). However, all four patients had good pain treatment outcome with three reporting a posttreatment BNI pain intensity score of I and one patient reporting a BNI pain score of II at longest follow-up. All four had received a treatment dose of 45 Gy. There were no reports of decreased corneal sensation (dry eye syndrome).
Prognosticators
Summary of various prognosticators and development of treatment failure (BNI IV–V)
| Variable | Good outcome | Treatment failure | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No of patients | 25 (69.4 %) | 11 (30.6 %) | 0.03 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 16 | 6 | 0.87 |
| Female | 9 | 5 | |
| Age | |||
| ≥70 years | 15 | 4 | 0.34 |
| <70 years | 10 | 7 | |
| Side of pain | |||
| Right | 9 | 6 | 0.50 |
| Left | 16 | 5 | |
| Duration of symptoms | |||
| >18 months | 5 | 5 | 0.20 |
| <18 months | 16 | 4 | |
| Dose | |||
| 40 Gy | 7 | 5 | 0.52 |
| 45 Gy | 18 | 6 | |
| New bothersome facial numbness | 4 | 0 | 0.41 |
Discussion
In their large series, Kondziolka et al. [2] and Régis et al. [7] reported that GKRS was a safe and effective alternative treatment to surgical procedures in the treatment of medically intractable TN. However, treatment outcomes and treatment-related complication rates have varied according to follow-up period, time for assessment of pain outcome, and different pain scores. In the present study, we report on pain outcome and side effects using standardized pain scores with a minimum 3-year follow-up to evaluate the long-term results of GKRS for TN.
Allowing for variability in grading systems among studies, our results are similar to previously published results [11, 16]. The incidence of early pain relief was high (80.5 %) in our series. Pain relief was noted an average of 1.6 months after treatment. This time frame is consistent with previously published data [11, 16]. At our institution, we have therefore taken a similar approach to others by discussing further treatment options in which no degree of pain relief has been achieved in 6 months.
Our series is one of few to include only longer term follow-up of patients undergoing GKS for TN. An increasing body of literature suggests that the beneficial effect of stereotactic radiation on TN diminishes with time. At minimum follow-up of 3 years, 67 % were pain free (BNI I) and 75 % had good treatment outcome. At a mean last follow-up of 69 months, 32 % were free from any pain and 63 % were free from severe pain. Our results are strikingly similar to previously reported long-term analysis of TN pain outcomes. In a small series with minimum follow-up of 3 years, Park et al. [13] reported 17 % pain-free outcomes and 65 % with good pain outcome. Sheehan et al. [9] presented a subgroup of 39 patients (minimum 3-year follow-up) in which 70 % reported pain relief and 34 % reported an “ideal” outcome (BNI grade I). At a minimum follow-up of 36 months and an average follow-up of 48 months, Riesenburger et al. [11] reported on 53 patients with 58.5 % of patients experiencing good treatment outcome and 32.1 % of patients with pain-free outcome. In a more recently published series, Lee et al. [15] reported 27.3 % BNI I and II outcomes and 68 % good outcomes when data from 40 patients with minimum of 60-months follow-up and an average follow-up of 92.2 months were analyzed. Finally, in one of the largest series, Little and associates [12] reported actuarial data on 136 patients with a minimum follow-up duration of 4 years. At a mean follow-up of 6.3 years, they report 32 % of their patients being pain free off and off medication at 7 years and 83 % with good treatment outcomes, although they did include retreatment of patients [12]. In our series, we had lower response rates than those of Little et al. but results of retreatment were not included, which we would have expected to have increased the rate of overall successful pain relief.
Our incidence of new-onset facial numbness at 11 % was in accordance with previously published incidences. The reported incidence of facial numbness has ranged from 6 to 37 % [2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 16, 17, 18] with most series reporting new-onset numbness in ~10 % of treated patients. Similar to Riesenburger et al. [11], our series did not reveal any statistically significant correlation between known prognosticators such as age, gender, side of pain, duration of pain, or new-onset facial numbness and development of treatment failure at last follow-up.
However, a statistically significant correlation was found between age and recurrence of any pain with age >70 predicting a more favorable outcome radiosurgery. In their series examining long-term pain outcomes of TN, Han et al. [14] reported a similar correlation between older age >70 and favorable outcome in terms of pain recurrence after radiosurgery. The issue of age has been controversial in the literature as other series have reported a prognostic association between younger age and achieving and maintaining pain relief [8, 19]. Both of these studies, however, have been based on shorter follow-up period after radiosurgery. A correlation between history of prior ablative surgery and pain outcomes has long been established for TN pain recurrence after radiosurgery [1]. Given the low number of events in our series with only four patients having had undergone previous ablative procedures, that correlation could not be tested in our current study. Whether that could have biased our data in favor of a positive correlation between older age and pain recurrence after radiosurgery remains an uncertain question that needs to be addressed in larger sample sized studies.
Finally, although the median peripheral dose of 45 Gy that our institution has adopted is higher than the currently recommended dose (40 Gy) necessary to provide pain relief while avoiding toxicity [19, 20], we did not find a correlation between dose and either development of treatment failure at last follow-up or development of new bothersome facial numbness. Our analysis could have been underpowered in detecting a dose–outcome correlation, especially since the rate of trigeminal nerve dysfunction has been reported to decline with the increased follow-up duration [20]. Variations in other technical nuances of radiosurgery between institutions such as volume of nerve treated and anatomical location of the target (and hence the dose to the intraaxial portion of fifth nerve fibers in the brainstem) could have also confounded the impact of “high dose” (90 Gy) on both the probability of long-term pain control and fifth nerve dysfunction [21].
Conclusion
GKRS is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment modality for patients with medically intractable TN or those who are ineligible or refuse open surgery. Our results demonstrate that a single GKS treatment is associated with good outcomes in nearly 60 % of patients in an average follow-up period of approximately 6 years. While most pain recurrence develops within 6 months of treatment, treatment failure may still manifest years later. Our results also suggest that patients >70 presenting with medically intractable TN are good candidates for radiosurgery. The small sample size and retrospective nature of our study design limit the power of our outcome observations. Additionally, although pain intensity and numbness scales are validated tools for the quantification of pain and numbness, they are subjective outcome measures because they are dependent on personal interpretations and variation. The results of this study should, however, help clinicians provide important information to patients so they can have realistic expectations and be able to weigh the risks and benefits relative to the various available treatment options.
Notes
Ethical statement
Institutional Review Board exemption from a full board review was obtained prior to research commencement. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Statement of informed consent
Prior to the phone interview, the following are telephone consent script for retrospective review of efficacy, treatment outcomes, and toxicity of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. This consent was standardized every time that a patient is contacted.
After the investigator introduces himself/herself, the purpose of the phone interview is stated as research aimed at gaining more knowledge about GammaKnife treatment outcomes. The participant is then asked for willingness to participate in the phone interview. If they accept then the investigator proceeds with the survey as detailed under the Methods section of the manuscript. If they decline, then the participant is thanked for their time and the phone call is terminated.
Conflict of interest
All authors declare no conflict of interest.
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