Journal of NeuroVirology

, Volume 22, Issue 6, pp 789–798 | Cite as

Suicide risk and prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) among individuals infected with HIV-1 subtype C versus B in Southern Brazil

  • Sergio Monteiro de Almeida
  • Francisco Jaime Barbosa
  • Rujvi Kamat
  • Ana Paula de Pereira
  • Sonia Mara Raboni
  • Indianara Rotta
  • Clea Elisa Ribeiro
  • Mariana Cherner
  • Ronald J. Ellis
  • Joseph Hampton Atkinson
  • HNRC Group
Article
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Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders associated with HIV infection; however, its risks and neurobiologic correlates in diverse cultures are poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the frequency of MDD among HIV+ participants in southern Brazil. We hypothesized that the frequency and severity of MDD would be higher among individuals with HIV+ compared with HIV− and higher in HIV subtype B compared with C. Individuals with HIV (n = 39) as well as seronegative controls (n = 22) were enrolled in a cross-sectional, prospective, observational study. Current and lifetime history of MDD was diagnosed by MINI-Plus; symptom severity was assessed by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Current and past episodes of MDD were significantly more frequent in the HIV+ versus HIV− group: current MDD, 15 (38.5 %) vs. 0 (0 %), p = 0.0004; past MDD, 24 (61.5 %) vs. 3 (13.6 %), p = 0.0004. The median BDI-II score in the HIV+ group was significantly higher than that in the HIV− (13 (8–27.5) vs. 2.5 (1–5.5); p < 0.0001). Current suicide risk, defined as during the last month, was found in 18 % of participants in the HIV-positive and none in the HIV-negative group. Neither current MDD frequency (8 (57.1 %) vs. 6 (40 %), p = 0.47) nor BDI-II score differed across subtypes B and C. HIV+ group may be more likely to experience current MDD than HIV−. This was the first study to compare the frequency and severity of MDD in HIV subtypes B and C; we found no difference between HIV subtypes B and C.

Keywords

MDD HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) HIV-1 HIV-1 subtype B HIV-1 subtype C Efavirenz 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

Part of this work was presented at the International Neuropsychological Society's conference, February 6–9, 2013, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA.

This work was supported by the following grants: National Institute of Health, NIH R21 MH76651 (Ellis, Ronald J; Almeida, Sergio M.).

The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) is supported by Center award P30MH062512 from NIMH. The San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) group is affiliated with the University of California, San Diego, the Naval Hospital, San Diego, and the Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, and includes Director: Robert K. Heaton, Ph.D., Co-Director: Igor Grant, M.D.; Associate Directors: J. Hampton Atkinson, M.D., Ronald J. Ellis, M.D., Ph.D., and Scott Letendre, M.D.; Center Manager: Thomas D. Marcotte, Ph.D.; Jennifer Marquie-Beck, M.P.H.; Melanie Sherman; Neuromedical Component: Ronald J. Ellis, M.D., Ph.D. (P.I.), Scott Letendre, M.D., J. Allen McCutchan, M.D., Brookie Best, Pharm.D., Rachel Schrier, Ph.D., Debra Rosario, M.P.H.; Neurobehavioral Component: Robert K. Heaton, Ph.D. (P.I.), J. Hampton Atkinson, M.D., Steven Paul Woods, Psy.D., Thomas D. Marcotte, Ph.D., Mariana Cherner, Ph.D., David J. Moore, Ph.D., Matthew Dawson; Neuroimaging Component: Christine Fennema-Notestine, Ph.D. (P.I.), Monte S. Buchsbaum, M.D., John Hesselink, M.D., Sarah L. Archibald, M.A., Gregory Brown, Ph.D., Richard Buxton, Ph.D., Anders Dale, Ph.D., Thomas Liu, Ph.D.; Neurobiology Component: Eliezer Masliah, M.D. (P.I.), Cristian Achim, M.D., Ph.D.; Neurovirology Component: David M. Smith, M.D. (P.I.), Douglas Richman, M.D.; International Component: J. Allen McCutchan, M.D., (P.I.), Mariana Cherner, Ph.D.; Developmental Component: Cristian Achim, M.D., Ph.D.; (P.I.), Stuart Lipton, M.D., Ph.D.; Participant Accrual and Retention Unit: J. Hampton Atkinson, M.D. (P.I.), Jennifer Marquie-Beck, M.P.H.; Data Management and Information Systems Unit: Anthony C. Gamst, Ph.D. (P.I.), Clint Cushman; Statistics Unit: Ian Abramson, Ph.D. (P.I.), Florin Vaida, Ph.D. (Co-PI), Reena Deutsch, Ph.D., Anya Umlauf, M.S.

The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the US Government.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Supplementary material

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ESM 1 (DOC 38 kb).

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Copyright information

© Journal of NeuroVirology, Inc. 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Sergio Monteiro de Almeida
    • 1
    • 2
    • 3
  • Francisco Jaime Barbosa
    • 1
  • Rujvi Kamat
    • 4
  • Ana Paula de Pereira
    • 1
  • Sonia Mara Raboni
    • 1
  • Indianara Rotta
    • 1
    • 2
  • Clea Elisa Ribeiro
    • 1
  • Mariana Cherner
    • 4
  • Ronald J. Ellis
    • 4
  • Joseph Hampton Atkinson
    • 4
  • HNRC Group
    • 4
  1. 1.Universidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaBrazil
  2. 2.Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno PríncipeCuritibaBrazil
  3. 3.Hospital de Clínicas, UFPR, Seção de Virologia, Setor Análises ClínicasCuritibaBrasil
  4. 4.University of CaliforniaSan DiegoUSA

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