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Impact of adipokines and myokines on fat browning

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Abstract

Since the discovery of leptin in 1994, the adipose tissue (AT) is not just considered a passive fat storage organ but also an extremely active secretory and endocrine organ that secretes a large variety of hormones, called adipokines, involved in energy metabolism. Adipokines may not only contribute to AT dysfunction and obesity, but also in fat browning, a process that induces a phenotypic switch from energy-storing white adipocytes to thermogenic brown fat–like cells. The fat browning process and, consequently, thermogenesis can also be stimulated by physical exercise. Contracting skeletal muscle is a metabolically active tissue that participates in several endocrine functions through the production of bioactive factors, collectively termed myokines, proposed as the mediators of physical activity–induced health benefits. Myokines affect muscle mass, have profound effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, and promote browning and thermogenesis of white AT in an endocrine and/or paracrine manner. The present review focuses on the role of different myokines and adipokines in the regulation of fat browning, as well as in the potential cross-talk between AT and skeletal muscle, in order to control body weight, energy expenditure and thermogenesis.

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Abbreviations

AgRP:

Agouti gene–related protein

ARC:

Arcuate nucleus

AT:

Adipose tissue

BAT:

Brown adipose tissue

CART:

Cocaine-amphetamine-regulated-transcript

CK:

Cytokine

CNS:

Central nervous system

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cells

MSTN:

Myostatin

NPY:

Neuropeptide Y

PDGFR-α:

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α

Pgc-1α:

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α

PKA:

Protein kinase A

POMC:

Proopiomelanocortin

Ppar-γ:

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ

PRDM16:

PR domain-containing 16

PVN:

Paraventricular nucleus

Tnf-α:

Tumour necrosis factor-α

Ucp-1:

Uncoupling protein 1

VTA:

Ventral tegmental area

WAT:

White adipose tissue

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Funding

This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and fondos FEDER (PI16/00221, PI16/01217, PI17/02183 and PI17/02188) and by the Department of Health of Gobierno de Navarra (61/2014). CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) is an initiative of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain

    A. Rodríguez, V. Catalán, B. Ramírez, X. Unamuno, J. Gómez-Ambrosi, G. Frühbeck & Sara Becerril

  2. CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain

    A. Rodríguez, V. Catalán, B. Ramírez, X. Unamuno, J. Gómez-Ambrosi, G. Frühbeck & Sara Becerril

  3. Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain

    A. Rodríguez, V. Catalán, B. Ramírez, J. Gómez-Ambrosi, G. Frühbeck & Sara Becerril

  4. Medical Engineering Laboratory, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain

    X. Unamuno

  5. Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari Medical School, 70124, Bari, Italy

    P. Portincasa

  6. Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain

    G. Frühbeck

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  1. A. Rodríguez
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  2. V. Catalán
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  3. B. Ramírez
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  8. Sara Becerril
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Key points

• Myokines are secreted and regulate physiological processes in an endocrine manner.

• The adipose tissue releases adipokines involved in the energy homeostasis.

• Myokines regulate fat browning with their activity being modulated by adipokines.

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Rodríguez, A., Catalán, V., Ramírez, B. et al. Impact of adipokines and myokines on fat browning. J Physiol Biochem 76, 227–240 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-020-00736-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-020-00736-2

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