Abstract
In the present study, identification of groundwater zones that are affected by anthropogenic contaminants based on litho-hydrogeological parameters has been attempted using multi-criteria decision analysis–analytical hierarchy process (MCDA–AHP) technique in an agriculturally intensive Arang block of Raipur district, Chhattisgarh, Central India. Litho-hydrogeological factors, such as geological and aquifer characteristics, land use–land cover, depth to water table, soil type, rainfall distribution, slope, geomorphological features, drainage density, elevation and lineament density parameters are considered for the delineation of anthropogenic contamination zones based on an integrated index model in Arc-GIS. Various input layers were assigned weights and then weight normalization process was adopted using Saaty’s AHP method to develop the integrated potential anthropogenic contamination zone (PACZ) map, based on the relative importance of anthropogenic contamination of groundwater. According to the proposed model majority of the study area falls under precarious zone, though certain areas fall under safe zone. In course of time, without proper planning the area could turn out to be moderately unsafe to unsafe zone. The PACZ map was validated with the fluoride concentration in groundwater as per National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) report along with the measured nitrate concentration values. Model accuracy was achieved by agreement of about 82% of the fluoride values and 94% of the nitrate values with the proposed output map. Further validation of the model with fluoride and nitrate data was performed using computing similarity analysis with Pearson’s correlation coefficient which suggests anomalously higher concentrations of fluoride and nitrate ion concentration in certain areas of Arang block, which could be emanated from non-point anthropogenic sources. Additionally, Gibbs’s plot and saturation indices of fluorite and calcite suggest that groundwater chemistry is primarily controlled by aquifer lithological characteristics (rock–water interaction) and diffused anthropogenic contamination sources.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the support received from Director IIT (ISM), Departments of Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Applied Geology, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad, during research work. We sincerely acknowledge the editor and anonymous reviewers for improving the quality of the manuscript with their insightful comments. The authors would like to sincerely thank and gratefully acknowledge organizations located in Raipur like CGWB, State Data Centre, and CHIPS for providing the required data and information utilized in the present work. Particularly, the first author/SS is grateful to Mr. Harish Sinha, CHIPS, Raipur, for providing some information/data.
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Singha, S., Pasupuleti, S., Durbha, K.S. et al. An analytical hierarchy process-based geospatial modeling for delineation of potential anthropogenic contamination zones of groundwater from Arang block of Raipur district, Chhattisgarh, Central India. Environ Earth Sci 78, 694 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8724-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8724-z