Skip to main content
Log in

Chloride resistance of Cr-bearing alloy steels in carbonated concrete pore solutions

  • Published:
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effect of carbonation on the chloride resistance of low-carbon steel and two Cr-bearing alloy steels in simulated concrete pore solutions was investigated. The chloride threshold values of steels were determined on the basis of corrosion potential (Ecorr) and polarization resistance (Rp). Moreover, the chloride-induced corrosion behavior of steels was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, cathodic potentiodynamic polarization, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements. Alloy steels have higher chloride resistance than low-carbon steel in carbonated and non-carbonated concrete pore solutions. The chloride resistance of alloy steels improves with increasing Cr content. In addition, the chloride resistance of all steels is negatively affected by the carbonation of concrete pore solution, especially for alloy steel with high Cr content in the presence of high chloride content.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. M.F. Montemor, A.M.P. Simões, and M.G.S. Ferreira, Chloride-induced corrosion on reinforcing steel: From the fundamentals to the monitoring techniques, Cem. Concr. Compos., 25(2003), No. 4-5, p. 491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. U.M. Angst, Challenges and opportunities in corrosion of steel in concrete, Mater. Struct, 51(2018), No. 1, p. 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. R.D. Moser, P.M. Singh, L.F. Kahn, and K.E. Kurtis, Chloride-induced corrosion resistance of high-strength stainless steels in simulated alkaline and carbonated concrete pore solutions, Corros. Sci, 57(2012), p. 241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. M. Liu, X.Q. Cheng, X.G. Li, C. Zhou, and H.L. Tan, Effect of carbonation on the electrochemical behavior of corrosion resistance low alloy steel rebars in cement extract solution, Constr. Build. Mater, 130(2017), p. 193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Liu, X.Q. Cheng, X.G. Li, and T.J. Lu, Corrosion behavior of low-Cr steel rebars in alkaline solutions with different pH in the presence of chlorides, J. Electroanal. Chem., 803(2017), p. 40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. F. Presuel-Moreno, J.R. Scully, and S.R. Sharp, Literature review of commercially available alloys that have potential as low-cost, corrosion-resistant concrete reinforcement, Corrosion, 66(2010), No. 8, p. 086001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. M. Liu, X.Q. Cheng, X.G. Li, Y. Pan, and J. Li, Effect of Cr on the passive film formation mechanism of steel rebar in saturated calcium hydroxide solution, Appl. Surf. Sci., 389(2016), p. 1182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. J.J. Shi, D.Q. Wang, J. Ming, and W. Sun, Long-term electrochemical behavior of low-alloy steel in simulated concrete pore solution with chlorides, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 30(2018), No. 4, art. No. 04018042.

  9. Y.W. Tian, M. Liu, X.Q. Cheng, CF. Dong, G. Wang, and X.G. Li, Cr-modified low alloy steel reinforcement embedded in mortar for two years: Corrosion result of marine field test, Cem. Concr. Compos., 97(2019), p. 190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. J.J. Shi and J. Ming, Influence of mill scale and rust layer on the corrosion resistance of low-alloy steel in simulated concrete pore solution, Int. J. Miner. Metall Mater, 24(2017), No. 1, p. 64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. J.J. Shi, G.Q. Geng, and J. Ming, Corrosion resistance of fine-grained rebar in mortars designed for high-speed railway construction, Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng., 22(2018), No. 5, p. 562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. J.J. Shi, W. Sun, J.Y. Jiang, and Y.M. Zhang, Influence of chloride concentration and pre-passivation on the pitting corrosion resistance of low-alloy reinforcing steel in simulated concrete pore solution, Constr. Build. Mater, 111(2016), p. 805.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J.K. Singh and D.D.N. Singh, The nature of rusts and corrosion characteristics of low alloy and plain carbon steels in three kinds of concrete pore solution with salinity and different pH, Corros. Sci., 56(2012), p. 129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. J.J. Shi, J. Ming, and X. Liu, Pitting corrosion resistance of a novel duplex alloy steel in alkali-activated slag extract in the presence of chloride ions, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater, 24(2017), No. 10, p. 1134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. T. Nishimura, Nano structure of the rust formed on chromium bearing steel in concrete after wet and dry corrosion test, ISIJ Int, 55(2015), No. 8, p. 1739.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. P. Ghods, O.B. Isgor, G.A. Mcrae, and G.P. Gu, Electrochemical investigation of chloride-induced depassivation of black steel rebar under simulated service conditions, Corros. Sci., 52(2010), No. 5, p. 1649.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. Moreno, W. Morris, MG. Alvarez, and G.S. Duffó, Corrosion of reinforcing steel in simulated concrete pore solutions: Effect of carbonation and chloride content, Corros. Sci., 46(2004), No. 11, p. 2681.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. L.F. Li and A.A. Sagüés, Chloride corrosion threshold of reinforcing steel in alkaline solutions-open-circuit immersion tests, Corrosion, 57(2001), No. 1, p. 19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H.S. Ryu, J.K. Singh, H.S. Lee, MA. Ismail, and W.J. Park, Effect of LiNO2 inhibitor on corrosion characteristics of steel rebar in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution containing NaCl: An electrochemical study, Constr. Build. Mater, 133(2017), p. 387.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. J.J. Shi, J. Mng, and W. Sun, Electrochemical performance of reinforcing steel in alkali-activated slag extract in the presence of chlorides, Corros. Sci, 133(2018), p. 288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. H. Yu, K.K. Chiang, and L.T. Yang, Threshold chloride level and characteristics of reinforcement corrosion initiation in simulated concrete pore solutions, Constr. Build. Mater, 26(2012), No. 1, p. 723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Królikowski and J. Kuziak, Impedance study on calcium nitrite as a penetrating corrosion inhibitor for steel in concrete, Electrochim. Acta, 56(2011), No. 23, p. 7845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Kouřil, P. Novák, and M. Bojko, Threshold chloride concentration for stainless steels activation in concrete pore solutions, Cem. Concr. Res., 40(2010), No. 3, p. 431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. C. Alonso, C. Andrade, M. Castellote, and P. Castro, Chloride threshold values to depassivate reinforcing bars embedded in a standardized OPC mortar, Cem. Concr. Res., 30(2000), No. 7, p. 1047.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. C. Andrade and C. Alonso, Corrosion rate monitoring in the laboratory and on-site, Constr. Build. Mater, 10(1996), No. 5, p. 315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. B. Díaz, B. Guitián, X.R. Nóvoa, and M.C. Pérez, The effect of long-term atmospheric aging and temperature on the electrochemical behaviour of steel rebars in mortar, Corros. Sci., 140(2018), p. 143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. RG. Duarte, A.S. Castela, R. Neves, L. Freire, and M.F. Montemor, Corrosion behavior of stainless steel rebars embedded in concrete: An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study, Electrochim. Acta, 124(2014), p. 218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Y. Zhang and A. Poursaee, Passivation and corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solution under tensile and compressive stresses, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 27(2014), No. 8, art. No. 040142341.

  29. M. Akhoondan and A.A. Sagüés, Comparative cathodic behavior of ~9% Cr and plain steel reinforcement in concrete, Corrosion, 68(2012), No. 4, art. No. 04500301.

  30. S. Poyet, W. Dridi, V. L’Hostis, and D. Meinel, Mcrostructure and diffusion coefficient of an old corrosion product layer and impact on steel rebar corrosion in carbonated concrete, Corros. Sci., 125(2017), p. 48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51678144), the

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jin-jie Shi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ming, J., Shi, Jj. Chloride resistance of Cr-bearing alloy steels in carbonated concrete pore solutions. Int J Miner Metall Mater 27, 494–504 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1920-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1920-8

Keywords

Navigation