Abstract
An Al-AlN core-shell structure is beneficial to the performance of Al-Al2O3 composites. In this paper, the phase evolution and microstructure of Al-Al2O3-TiO2 composites at high temperatures in flowing N2 were investigated after the Al-AlN core-shell structure was created at 853 K for 8 h. The results show that TiO2 can convert Al into Al3Ti (~1685 K), which reduces the content of metal Al and rearranges the structure of the composite. Under N2 conditions, Al3Ti is further transformed into a novelty non-oxide phase, TiCN. The transformation process can be expressed as follows: Al3Ti reacts with C and other carbides (Al4C3 and Al4O4C) to form TiCx (x < 1). As the firing temperature increases, Al3Ti transforms into a liquid phase and produces Ti(g) and TiO(g). Finally, Ti(g) and TiO(g) are nitrided and solid-dissolved into the TiCx crystals to form a TiCN solid solution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
E.M.M. Ewais, Carbon based refractories, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 112(2004), No. 1310, p. 517.
T.B. Zhu, Y.W. Li, S.B. Sang, and Z.P. Xie, Improved thermal shock resistance of magnesia-graphite refractories by the addition of MgO-C pellets, Mater. Des., 124(2017), p. 16.
W. Yang, X.H. Wang, L.F. Zhang, Q.L. Shan, and X.F. Liu, Cleanliness of low carbon aluminum-killed steels during secondary refining processes, Steel Res. Int., 84(2013), No. 5, p. 473.
C.H. Ma, Y. Li, M.W. Yan, Y. Sun, and J.L. Sun, Investigation on a postmortem resin-bonded Al-Si-Al2O3, sliding gate with functional gradient feature, Ceram. Int., 44(2018), No. 6, p. 6384.
C. Atzenhofer, S. Gschiel, and H. Harmuth, Phase formation in Al2O3-C refractories with Al addition, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 37(2016), No. 4, p. 1805.
P. Jiang, J.L. Sun, W.D. Xue, J.H. Chen, R.V. Kumar, and Y. Li, New synthetic route to Al4O4C reinforced Al-Al2O3 composite materials, Solid State Sci., 46(2015), p. 33.
M.W. Yan, Y. Li, H.Y. Li, and J.L. Sun, Theoretical analysis and synthesis of Al4O4C and Al2CO phase in the resin bonded Al-Al2O3 refractory in N2-flowing, Ceram. Int., 44(2017), No. 2, p. 1493.
S. Zhang and A. Yamaguchi, Hydration resistances and reactions with CO of Al4O4C and Al2OC formed in carbon-containing refractories with Al, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 104(1996), No. 1209, p. 393.
C.A. Qiu and R. Metselaar, Thermodynamic evaluation of the Al2O3-Al4C3 system and stability of Al-oxycarbides, Z. Metallkd., 86(1995), No. 3, p. 198.
E.L. Amma and G.A. Jeffrey, Structure of aluminum oxycarbide Al2OC: a short-range wurtzite super-structure, J. Chem. Phys., 34(1961), No. 1, p. 252.
J.M. Lihrmann, J. Tirlocq, P. Descamps, and F. Cambier, Thermodynamics of the Al-C-O system and properties of SiC-AlN-Al2OC composites, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 19(1999), No. 16, p. 2781.
J.M. Lihrmann, Thermodynamics of the Al2O3-Al4C3 system: I. Thermochemical functions of Al oxide, carbide and oxycarbides between 298 and 2100 K, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 28(2008), No. 3, p. 633.
J.M. Lihrmann, Thermodynamics of the Al2O3-Al4C3 system: II. Free energies of mixing, solid solubilities and activities, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 28(2008), No. 3, p. 643.
J.M. Lihrmanm, Thermodynamics of the Al2O3-Al4C3 system: III. Equilibrium vapour pressures and activation energies for volatilization, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 28(2008), No. 3, p. 649.
J.M. Lihrmann, T. Zambetakis, and M. Daire, High-temperature behavior of the aluminum oxycarbide Al2OC in the system Al2O3-Al4C3 and with additions of aluminum nitride, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72(1989), No. 9, p. 1704.
S.Y. Kuo and A.V. Virkar, Phase equilibria and phase transformation in the aluminum nitride-aluminum oxycarbide pseudobinary system, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72(1989), No. 4, p. 540.
K. Motzfeldt, Comment on “Thermodynamics of the Al-C-O ternary system” [J. Electrochem. Soc. 153, E119 (2006)], J. Electrochem. Soc., 154(2007), No. 3, p. S1.
K. Cheng, C. Yu, J. Ding, C.J. Deng, H.X. Zhu, and Z.L. Xue, Synthesis and characterization of AlN whiskers by nitridation of Al4O4C, J. Alloys Compd., 719(2017), p. 308.
K. Cheng, C.J. Deng, J. Ding, C. Yu, and H.X. Zhu, Synthesis of Al2O3 nanowires by heat-treating Al4O4C in a carbon-containing environment, Ceram. Int., 44(2017), No. 5, p. 4996.
Y.B. Li, Y. Bando, and D. Golberg, Single-crystalline α-Al2O3 nanotubes converted from Al4O4C nanowires, Adv. Mater., 17(2005), No. 11, p. 1401.
H.G. Zhu, Y.L. Jiang, Y.Q. Yao, J.Z. Song, J.L. Li, and Z.H. Xie, Reaction pathways, activation energies and mechanical properties of hybrid composites synthesized in-situ from Al-TiO2-C powder mixtures, Mater. Chem. Phys., 137(2012), No. 2, p. 532.
T.D. Xia, T.Z. Liu, W.J. Zhao, B.Y. Ma, and T.M. Wang, Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of Al2O3-TiC-Al composites by aluminothermic reactions, J. Mater. Sci., 36(2001), No. 23, p. 5581.
Y.M.Z. Ahmed, Z.I. Zaki, D.H.A. Besisa, A.M.M. Amin, and R.K. Bordia, Effect of zirconia and iron on the mechanical properties of Al2O3/TiC composites processed using combined self-propagating synthesis and direct consolidation technique, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 696(2017), p. 182.
A. Hajalilou, M. Hashim, M. Nahavandi, and I. Ismail, Mechanochemical carboaluminothermic reduction of rutile to produce TiC-Al2O3, nanocomposite, Adv. Powder Technol., 25(2014), No. 1, p. 423.
R. Yamanoglu, N. Gulsoy, E.A. Olevsky, and H.O. Gulsoy, Production of porous Ti5Al2.5Fe alloy via pressureless spark plasma sintering, J. Alloys Compd., 680(2016), p. 654.
A. Rajabi, M.J. Ghazali, and A.R. Daud, Chemical composition, microstructure and sintering temperature modifications on mechanical properties of TiC-based cermet-A review, Mater. Des., 67(2015), p. 95.
M.W. Yan, Y. Li, J.J. Wang, H.Y. Li, Y. Sun, and C.H. Ma. Phase evolution mechanism of non-oxide bonded Al-Al2O3-MgO-ZrO2 composites at 1873K in flowing nitrogen, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 101(2017), No. 5, p. 2162.
U.R. Kattner, J.C. Lin, and Y.A. Chang, Thermodynamic assessment and calculation of the Ti-Al system, Metall. Trans. A, 23(1992), No. 8, p. 2081.
M. Mirjalili, M. Soltanieh, K. Matsuura, and M. Ohno, On the kinetics of TiAl3 intermetallic layer formation in the titanium and aluminum diffusion couple, Intermetallics., 32(2013), p. 297.
M. Sujata, S. Bhargava, and S. Sangal. On the formation of TiAl3 during reaction between solid Ti and liquid Al, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 16(1997), No. 13, p. 1175.
M.Z. Mehrizi, R. Beygi, and G. Eisaabadi, Synthesis of Al/TiC-Al2O3 nanocomposite by mechanical alloying and subsequent heat treatment, Ceram. Int., 42(2016), No. 7, p. 8895.
M.W. Chase Jr, NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 4th ed., American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Physics for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Washington DC, 1998.
Y.F. Qin, G.F. Zheng, L.Y. Zhu, J.N. He, F.Y. Zhang, Y.C. Dong, and F.C. Yin, Structure and wear characteristics of TiCN nanocomposite coatings fabricated by reactive plasma spraying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 342(2018), p. 137.
A. Kostov, B. Friedrich, and D. Zivkovic, Predicting thermodynamic properties in Ti-Al binary system by FactSage, Comput. Mater. Sci., 37(2006), No. 3, p. 355.
N.J. Ashley, R.W. Grimes, and K.J. McClellan, Accommodation of non-stoichiometry in TiN1-x, and ZrN1-x, J. Mater. Sci., 42(2007), No. 6, p. 1884.
Z. Dridi, B. Bouhafs, P. Ruterana, and H. Aourag, First-principles calculations of vacancy effects on structural and electronic properties of TiCx and TiNx, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 14(2002), No. 43, p. 10237.
Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51872023).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, Lx. et al. Novelty phase synthesis mechanism and morphology in resin-bonded Al-Al2O3-TiO2 composites at high temperatures under flowing N2. Int J Miner Metall Mater 26, 1177–1185 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1829-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1829-2