Food and Environmental Virology

, Volume 8, Issue 2, pp 112–119 | Cite as

Aqueous Extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyces to Control Aichi Virus

  • Doris H. D’Souza
  • Lezlee Dice
  • P. Michael Davidson
Original Paper
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Aqueous Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts possess antimicrobial properties with limited information available on their antiviral effects. Aichi virus (AiV) is an emerging foodborne pathogen that causes gastroenteritis. Vaccines are currently unavailable to prevent their disease transmission. The objective of this study was to determine the antiviral effects of aqueous H. sabdariffa extracts against AiV. AiV at ~5 log PFU/ml was incubated with undiluted (200 mg/ml), 1:1 (100 mg/ml) or 1:5 (40 mg/ml) diluted aqueous hibiscus extract (pH 3.6), phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2 as control), or malic acid (pH 3.0, acid control) at 37 °C over 24 h. Treatments were stopped by serially diluting in cell-culture media containing fetal bovine serum and titers were determined using plaque assays on confluent Vero cells. Each treatment was replicated thrice and assayed in duplicate. AiV did not show any significant reduction with 1:1 (100 mg/ml) or 1:5 (40 mg/ml) diluted aqueous hibiscus extracts or malic acid after 0.5, 1, or 2 h at 37 °C. However, AiV titers were reduced to non-detectable levels after 24 h with all the three tested concentrations, while malic acid showed only 0.93 log PFU/ml reduction after 24 h. AiV was reduced by 0.5 and 0.9 log PFU/ml with undiluted extracts (200 mg/ml) after 2 and 6 h, respectively. AiV treated with 1:1 (100 mg/ml) and 1:5 (40 mg/ml) diluted extracts showed a minimal ~0.3 log PFU/ml reduction after 6 h. These extracts show promise to reduce AiV titers mainly through alteration of virus structure, though higher concentrations may have improved effects.

Keywords

Aichi virus Reduction Aqueous H. sabdariffa calyces 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding provided partly by the University of Tennessee-Institute of Agriculture (Multistate Project S1056). The authors also acknowledge Dr. Dunlap at UT-Advanced Microscopy Center for his assistance with the Transmission electron microscopy sample preparations and observations.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals that were performed by any of the authors.

Informed Consent

As this article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors, informed consent was not required.

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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Doris H. D’Souza
    • 1
  • Lezlee Dice
    • 1
  • P. Michael Davidson
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tennessee-KnoxvilleKnoxvilleUSA

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