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Chemical analyses on Roman and Late Antique glass finds from the Lower Danube: the case of Tropaeum Traiani

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Abstract

This paper reports the compositional characterization of eighty-two glass fragments discovered in archaeological contexts at Tropaeum Traiani (Adamclisi, Constanţa county, Romania), most of them dated to the 4th–6th centuries AD, in an attempt to understand the glass consumption and circulation in the Lower Danube region during the Late Antique period. The analytical results were obtained using external Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) techniques at the New AGLAE accelerator located in the basement of the Louvre Palace, Paris, France. The chemical data were compared to those on coeval glass finds from the literature. The naturally colored Tropaeum Traiani glass fragments turned out to belong to Série 2.1 of Foy, Série 3.2 of Foy, HIMT (high iron manganese titanium), and HIT (high iron titanium) compositional groups of Late Antique glass. The lack of color in several fragments was obtained either through the use of antimony or manganese compounds; intermediate recipes for colorless vessels, indicative for recycling procedures, were evidenced as well. The sample set also included several naturally colored blue and green glasses dated to the Early Roman period which showed compositional patterns typical for Roman Imperial glass. The variety in the chemistry of the vitreous finds reported in this paper, demonstrated by the identification of different glass types previously encountered in contemporary objects from many archaeological sites from the Mediterranean Sea and Balkan Mountains regions during the Late Antique period, reflects the trade connections of the settlements from the Lower Danube and the Black Sea region with the rest of the Roman world.

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Notes

  1. Geographical coordinates of Tropaeum Traiani archaeological site taken from Google Maps

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Acknowledgements

The authors kindly thank Quentin Lemasson, Laurent Pichon, and Claire Pacheco from Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), Paris, France, for their technical support during the experiment performed at the AGLAE accelerator.

The New AGLAE facility (ANR-10-EQPX-22) was used to perform the analyses reported in this paper.

Roxana Bugoi acknowledges the continuous assistance and advice of Patrice Lehuédé from C2RMF.

Roxana Bugoi is grateful to Eugen Nicolae from Institutul de Arheologie “Vasile Pârvan,” Bucharest, who had the idea of this interdisciplinary collaboration.

Adriana Panaite warmly thanks Iuliana Barnea from Institutul de Arheologie “Vasile Pârvan” for her help in preparing Figs. 1, 2, to 3.

Adela Ichimescu from IFIN-HH is kindly thanked for her help in revising the language of the final version.

The insightful comments of the two anonymous reviewers and of the editor helped us to improve this paper. Any remaining errors are ours.

The financial support of Access to Research Infrastructures activity in the 7th Framework Programme of the EU CHARISMA Cultural Heritage Advanced Research Infrastructures—Synergy for a Multidisciplinary Approach to Conservation/Restoration—Grant Agreement n. 228330 is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Horia Hulubei National Institute for Nuclear Physics and Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, 077125, Măgurele, Romania

    Roxana Bugoi

  2. Institutul de Arheologie “Vasile Pârvan”, 11 Henri Coandă Street, 010667, Bucharest, Romania

    Adriana Panaite & Cristina-Georgeta Alexandrescu

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  1. Roxana Bugoi
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Bugoi, R., Panaite, A. & Alexandrescu, CG. Chemical analyses on Roman and Late Antique glass finds from the Lower Danube: the case of Tropaeum Traiani. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 13, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01310-7

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