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Historical Reconstruction of Phytoplankton Composition in Estuaries of Fiordland, New Zealand: the Application of Plant Pigment Biomarkers

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Abstract

Phytoplankton pigments in sediment cores from four New Zealand fjords were quantified to investigate community composition and primary production in this pristine and remote region. Downcore sediment records from Doubtful Sound, Fiordland, were also compared with phytoplankton pigments in sediment traps to investigate pathways of phytodetritus flux from the upper water column to the sediment. Historic primary production was estimated using downcore chlorophyll a (Chl a) and β-carotene as proxies for total algal biomass. Sedimentary Chl a was similar across Fiordland (p = 0.09), but β-carotene was significantly different in Broughton Arm (Kruskal–Wallis p < 0.01). Dominant transformation products of Chl a were steryl chlorin esters and carotenol chlorin esters, indicating the importance of grazing as a sink for phytoplankton in Fiordland. Carotenoids indicative of diatoms and dinoflagellates were recovered in the sedimentary records of Doubtful Sound. Pigment biomarkers were observed in higher quantities in the sediment traps than in the surface sediment. In particular, grazing biomarkers were abundant in the sediment, highlighting the importance of fecal pellet export in phytodetritus preservation. Phytoplankton pigment preservation in Fiordland sediments is good as indicated by little variation in Chl a/pheopigment ratios throughout the cores. This research supports other new work, which has shown that carbon preservation in southern hemisphere fjord ecosystems is more efficient than previously thought.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the captain and crew of the RV Polaris II for support in the field. We are grateful for financial support from UORG and PBRF funds (C.S.), New Zealand International Doctoral Research Scholarship and a University of Otago Publishing Bursary (S.E.S.), and the Chinese Scholarship Council (X.L.). The manuscript benefited from comments by Jun Zhao and two anonymous reviewers.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand

    Susanne E. Schüller & Candida Savage

  2. Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3146, USA

    Thomas S. Bianchi & Xinxin Li

  3. Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78758-4445, USA

    Mead A. Allison

  4. Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa

    Candida Savage

  5. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2120, USA

    Thomas S. Bianchi

  6. Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA

    Xinxin Li

  7. The Water Institute of the Gulf, Baton Rouge, LA, 70825, USA

    Mead A. Allison

  8. Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA

    Mead A. Allison

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  1. Susanne E. Schüller
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Correspondence to Susanne E. Schüller.

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Fig. S1

Chromatogram of sediment analyzed by HPLC analysis from the surface interval (0-2 cm) at Malaspina Reach, Doubtful Sound. Identification of individual peaks was based on retention time and PDA spectra (see Methods). Two unknown peaks are observed, their absorbance spectra are included and their potential identification is indicated within the chromatogram (JPEG 313 kb)

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Schüller, S.E., Bianchi, T.S., Li, X. et al. Historical Reconstruction of Phytoplankton Composition in Estuaries of Fiordland, New Zealand: the Application of Plant Pigment Biomarkers. Estuaries and Coasts 38, 56–71 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-014-9771-z

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