Skip to main content
Log in

Letter to the Editor: Small, Ernest. 2015. Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization. Botanical Review 81(3): 189-294

  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Literature Cited

  • Bouquet, R. J. 1950. Cannabis. Bulletin on Narcotics 2(4): 14–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brickell, C. D., C. Alexander, J. C. David, W. L. A. Hetterscheid, A. C. Leslie, V. Malecot, X. Jin & J. J. Cubey. 2009. International code of nomenclature for cultivated plants. International Society for Horticultural Science, Leuven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. C. 1995. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation in the Tai’an District of Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China. Journal of the International Hemp Association 2(2): 57, 60–65.

  • ——— 1981. Marijuana botany: an advanced study: the propagation and breeding of distinctive Cannabis. And/Or Press, Berkeley.

  • ——— 1998. Hashish! Red Eye Press, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— 2006. Hemp (Cannabis) cultivation and use in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Industrial Hemp 11(1): 51–86.

  • ——— 2007. Traditional Cannabis cultivation in Darchula district, Nepal: seed, resin and textiles. Journal of Industrial Hemp 12(2): 19–42.

  • ——— & W. Gu 1998. Survey of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) use by the Hmong (Miao) of the China/Vietnam border region. Journal of the International Hemp Association 5(1): 1, 4–9.

  • ——— & M. D. Merlin. 2013. Cannabis: evolution and ethnobotany. University of California Press, Los Angeles and Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— & D. P. Watson. 2002. Botany of natural Cannabis medicines. Pp 1–14. In: F. Grotenhermen & E. Russo (eds). Cannabis and cannabinoids: pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential. Haworth Integrative Healing Press, New York.

  • Haney, A. & F. A. Bazzaz. 1970. Some ecological implications of the distribution of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in the United States of America. Pp 39–48. In: C. R. B. Joyce & S. H. Curry (eds). The botany and chemistry of cannabis. J. & A. Churchill, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillig, K. W. 2004a. A chemotaxonomic analysis of terpenoid variation in Cannabis. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 32: 875–891.

  • ——— 2004b. A multivariate analysis of allozyme variation in 93 Cannabis accessions from the VIR germplasm collection. Journal of Industrial Hemp 9(2): 5–22.

  • ——— 2005. Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (cannabaceae). Genetic Research and Crop Evolution 52(2): 161–180.

  • Inam, B., F. Hussain & F. Bano. 1989. Cannabis sativa L. is allelopathic. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 32: 617–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krings, M., T. N. Taylor & D. W. Kellogg. 2002. Touch-sensitive glandular trichomes: a mode of defense against herbivorous arthropods in the carboniferous. Evolutionary Ecology Research 4: 779–786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lausen, L. 2015. The cultivation of weed. “Cannabis” in Nature Outlook, Nature 525: S4–S5.

  • McNeill, J., F. R. Barrie, W. R. Buck, V. Demoulin, W. Greuger, D. L. Hawksworth, P. S. Herendeen, S. Knapp, K. Marhold, J. Prado, W. F. Prud’homme van Reine, G. F. Smith, J. H. Wiersema & N. J. Turland. (eds.). 2012. International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Koenigstein, Germany: Koelz Scientific Books. (Regnum Vegetabile 154.) http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title. (Accessed July 10, 2015.)

  • McPartland, J. M. 1997. Cannabis as repellent and pesticide. Journal of the International Hemp Association 4(2): 87–92.

  • ——— & G. W. Guy. 2004. The evolution of Cannabis and coevolution with the cannabinoid receptor – a hypothesis. Pp 71–101. In: G. W. Guy, B. A. Whittle, & P. J. Robson (eds). The medicinal uses of cannabis and cannabinoids. Pharmaceutical Press, London.

  • ———, R. C. Clarke & D. P. Watson. 2000. Hemp diseases and pests: management and biological control. CABI, Wallingford.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Small, E. 1972. Interfertility and chromosomal uniformity in Cannabis. Canadian Journal of Botany 50:1947–1949.

  • ——— 1975. Morphological variation of achenes of Cannabis. Canadian Journal of Botany 53: 978–987.

  • ——— 2015. Evolution and classification of Cannabis sativa (marijuana, hemp) in relation to human utilization. Botanical Reviews 81(3): 189-294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— & T. Antle. 2003. A preliminary study of pollen dispersal in Cannabis sativa. Journal of Industrial Hemp 8(2): 37–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— & A. Cronquist. 1976. A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis. Taxon 25: 405–435.

  • ——— & D. Marcus. 2003. Tetrahydrocannabinol levels in hemp (Cannabis sativa) germplasm resources. Economic Botany 57: 545–558.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert C. Clarke.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Clarke, R.C., Merlin, M.D. Letter to the Editor: Small, Ernest. 2015. Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization. Botanical Review 81(3): 189-294. Bot. Rev. 81, 295–305 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-015-9158-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-015-9158-2

Navigation