Skip to main content
Log in

Comparison of dosimetric parameters of small-field electron beams between Advanced Markus, Semiflex 3D, and Diode E responses

  • Published:
Radiological Physics and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The usage of dosimetry of small fields in radiotherapy to measure radiation dose is difficult because of high-dose gradients, lateral electronic disequilibrium, and detector volume effects. In this study, three dosimeters namely, Markus, Semiflex 3D, and Diode E were tested using the Elekta-accelerator electron beams. The electron beam parameters, penumbra, and output factor were determined using these dosimeters for each field size and energy. According to the results, Diode E and Advanced Markus exhibited the greatest difference in Rq among the electron beam parameters. Furthermore, the greatest difference in penumbra was observed between Diode E and Advanced Markus for the field size of 3 cm2 at 10 MeV. In terms of output factor, three dosimeters exhibited the greatest difference between Diode E and Advanced Markus for the field size of 3 cm2 at 10 MeV. The findings indicate that the Semiflex 3D can be regarded as an appropriate dosimeter for electron small-field dosimetry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

References

  1. Butson M, et al. Reducing shield thickness and backscattered radiation using a multilayered shield for 6–10 MeV electron beams. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2015;38(4):619–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Yeung W, Luk N, Yu K. Current tools of radiation therapy in treatment of skin cancer. Hong Kong J Dermatol Venereol. 2009;17(2):79–86.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Perez M, et al. Dosimetry of small electron fields shaped by lead. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2003;26(3):119–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pappas E, et al. Small SRS photon field profile dosimetry performed using a PinPoint air ion chamber, a diamond detector, a novel silicon-diode array (DOSI), and polymer gel dosimetry. Analysis and intercomparison. Med Phys. 2008;35(10):4640–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Scott AJ, et al. Characterizing the influence of detector density on dosimeter response in non-equilibrium small photon fields. Phys Med Biol. 2012;57(14):4461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Amin MN, et al. Small field electron beam dosimetry using MOSFET detector. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2010;12(1):50–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Khaledi N, et al. Monte Carlo investigation of the effect of small cutouts on beam profile parameters of 12 and 14 MeV electron beams. Radiat Meas. 2013;51:48–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Arunkumar T, et al. Impact of cutout off axis on electron beam dosimetric parameters. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2012;11(2):141–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Huet C, et al. Characterization and optimization of EBT2 radiochromic films dosimetry system for precise measurements of output factors in small fields used in radiotherapy. Radiat Meas. 2012;47(1):40–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Stasi M, et al. The behavior of several microionization chambers in small intensity modulated radiotherapy fields. Med Phys. 2004;31(10):2792–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Papaconstadopoulos P, Tessier F, Seuntjens J. On the correction, perturbation and modification of small field detectors in relative dosimetry. Phys Med Biol. 2014;59(19):5937.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Benítez E, et al. Evaluation of a liquid ionization chamber for relative dosimetry in small and large fields of radiotherapy photon beams. Radiat Meas. 2013;58:79–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Di Venanzio C, et al. Characterization of a synthetic single crystal diamond Schottky diode for radiotherapy electron beam dosimetry. Med Phys. 2013;40(2):021712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lee SH, et al. Analysis of output factors with various detectors in small-field electron-beam radiotherapy. J Korean Phys Soc. 2012;60(5):875–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Song H, et al. Limitations of silicon diodes for clinical electron dosimetry. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2006;120(1–4):56–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Xu MM, Sethi A, Glasgow GP. Dosimetry of small circular fields for 6-MeV electron beams. Med Dosim. 2009;34(1):51–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Khaledy N, Arbabi A, Sardari D. The effects of cutouts on output, mean energy and percentage depth dose of 12 and 14 MeV electrons. J Med Phys. 2011;36(4):213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Arunkumar T, et al. Electron beam characteristics at extended source-to-surface distances for irregular cut-outs. J Med Phys. 2010;35(4):207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Aghdam MRH, et al. Monte Carlo study on effective source to surface distance for electron beams from a mobile dedicated IORT accelerator. J Radiother Pract. 2017;16(1):29–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Donmez Kesen N, et al. A comparison of TPS and different measurement techniques in small-field electron beams. Med Dosim. 2015;40(1):9–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sampaio FG, et al. 8 and 10 MeV Electron beams small field-size dosimetric parameters through the Fricke xylenol gel dosimeter. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2013;60(2):572–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Polston GK (2008) A dosimetric model for small-field electron radiation therapy. Ball State University

  23. Di Venanzio C, et al. Radiotherapy electron beams collimated by small tubular applicators: characterization by silicon and diamond diodes. Phys Med Biol. 2013;58(22):8121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Cygler J, et al. Practical approach to electron beam dosimetry at extended SSD. Phys Med Biol. 1997;42(8):1505.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This manuscript is part of a research project No. 1395.45 of the Kashan University of Medical Sciences and research project No. 1232 of the Arak University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

Funding

No funding was granted for this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fatemeh Fallahi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This study did not involve any experiments with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individuals participating in this study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bayatiani, M.R., Aliasgharzadeh, A., Seif, F. et al. Comparison of dosimetric parameters of small-field electron beams between Advanced Markus, Semiflex 3D, and Diode E responses. Radiol Phys Technol 13, 296–305 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12194-020-00577-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12194-020-00577-0

Keywords

Navigation