Cell Stress and Chaperones

, Volume 14, Issue 4, pp 329–341 | Cite as

Unfolding the relationship between secreted molecular chaperones and macrophage activation states

Mini Review
First Online:
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:

Abstract

Over the last 20 years, it has emerged that many molecular chaperones and protein-folding catalysts are secreted from cells and function, somewhat in the manner of cytokines, as pleiotropic signals for a variety of cells, with much attention being focused on the macrophage. During the last decade, it has become clear that macrophages respond to bacterial, protozoal, parasitic and host signals to generate phenotypically distinct states of activation. These activation states have been termed ‘classical’ and ‘alternative’ and represent not a simple bifurcation in response to external signals but a range of cellular phenotypes. From an examination of the literature, the hypothesis is propounded that mammalian molecular chaperones are able to induce a wide variety of alternative macrophage activation states, and this may be a system for relating cellular or tissue stress to appropriate macrophage responses to restore homeostatic equilibrium.

Keywords

Molecular chaperones Macrophages Macrophage activation Inflammation 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

BH acknowledges financial support from the Wellcome Trust. SH is grateful to Professor Salvador Moncada, The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, for financial support. We would like to thank the referees for providing incisive comments and to one of the referees for his suggestion that non-folding stress proteins may also play a role in modulating cell behaviour.

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Copyright information

© Cell Stress Society International 2008

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
  2. 2.Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK

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