Food Analytical Methods

, Volume 9, Issue 5, pp 1096–1105 | Cite as

Ion-Pair-Based Air-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Extraction and Preconcentration of Phthalic Acids from Aqueous Samples

  • Mir Ali Farajzadeh
  • Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
  • Hamid Reza Shahbaazi
Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

In the present study, a rapid, simple, and highly efficient sample preparation method based on ion-pair air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction using a low-density extraction solvent followed by high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection has been developed for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of three phthalic acids (phthalic acid, iso-phthalic acid, and terephthalic acid) in aqueous samples. In this method, a mixture of tri-butyl amine (as an ion-pair reagent) and toluene (as an extraction solvent) is transferred into an aqueous sample solution. Fine organic solvent droplets are formed by aspirating and dispersing of the mixture via syringe needle. After that, the formed ion-pairs are extracted into toluene, and after centrifuging, the obtained collected phase is transferred into a microtube and is evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen at room temperature. The residue is re-dissolved in mobile phase and injected into the separation system for analysis. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method showed low limits of detection and quantification between 0.09–0.24 and 0.29–0.78 ng mL−1, respectively. Extraction recoveries and enrichment factors were from 88 to 98 % and 443 to 491, respectively. Relative standard deviations for the extraction of 5 ng mL−1 of each analyte were less than 8.4 % for intra-day (n = 6) and inter-days (n = 5) precisions. Finally, different aqueous samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method, and the target analytes were determined in some of them at ng mL−1 level.

Keywords

Phthalic acids Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction Low-density extraction solvent High performance liquid chromatography 

Abbreviations

AALLME

Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction

DAD

Diode array detection

DLLME

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

EG

Ethylene glycol

EU

European Union

HPLC

High performance liquid chromatography

LLE

Liquid–liquid extraction

LPME

Liquid-phase microextraction

MRL

Maximum residue level

PET

Poly (ethylene terephthalate)

SPE

Solid-phase extraction

SPME

Solid-phase microextraction

TPA

Terephthalic acid

USAEME

Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction

VALLME

Vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction

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Notes

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Research Council of University of Tabriz for financial support.

Funding

Mir Ali Farajzadeh has received research grants from the University of Tabriz.

Conflict of Interest

Mir Ali Farajzadeh declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam declares that he has no conflict of interest. Hamid Reza Shahbaazi declares that he has no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  • Mir Ali Farajzadeh
    • 1
  • Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
    • 1
  • Hamid Reza Shahbaazi
    • 2
  1. 1.Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
  2. 2.Department of ChemistryUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada

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