Abstract
Objective
Nowadays, the efficacies of 68Ga-based tracers are comparable to that of 18F-based agents and have stimulated researchers to investigate the potential of 68Ga-based positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents. In this study, the human absorbed dose of 68Ga labeled with ethylenecysteamine cysteine 68Ga-ECC and 67Ga-ECC was estimated based on biodistribution data in mice by the medical internal radiation dose (MIRD) method.
Methods
For biodistribution of 67Ga/68Ga-ECC, three mice were killed by CO2 asphyxiation at each selected times after injection (15, 30, 45, 60, 120 min for 68Ga-ECC and 0.5, 2 and 48 h for 67Ga-ECC), and then the tissue (heart, lung, brain, intestine, skin, stomach, kidneys, liver, muscle and bone) was removed.
Results
68Ga-ECC as a new PET renal imaging agent was prepared with radiochemical purity of >97 % in less than 30 min. The biodistribution data for 68Ga-ECC showed that the most of the activity extracted from the urinary tract very fast. Comparison between human absorbed dose estimation for these two agents indicated that the absorbed dose of the most organs after injection of 67Ga-ECC is approximately tenfold higher than the amount after 68Ga-ECC injection.
Conclusion
The results showed that 68Ga-ECC is a more appropriate agent rather than 67Ga-ECC and generally can be a good candidate for PET renal imaging applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Roesch F, Riss JP. The renaissance of the 68Ge/68Ga radionuclide generator initiates new developments in 68Ga radiopharmaceutical chemistry. Curr Top Med Chem. 2010;10:1633–68.
Firestone RB, Shirley VS. Table of Isotopes, 2 Volume Set. In: Firestone RB, Shirley VS, editor. pp 3168 ISBN 0-471-33056-6 Wiley; 1998. p. 1.
Breeman WA, Verbruggen AM. The 68 Ge/68 Ga generator has high potential, but when can we use 68Ga-labelled tracers in clinical routine? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:978–81.
Pagou M, Zerizer I, Al-Nahhas A. Can gallium-68 compounds partly replace 18F-FDG in PET molecular imaging. Hell J Nucl Med. 2009;12:102–5.
Fellner M, Baum RP, Kubíček V, Hermann P, Lukeš I, Prasad V, et al. PET/CT imaging of osteoblastic bone metastases with 68Ga-bisphosphonates: first human study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:834.
Kratochwil C, Giesel FL, López-Benítez R, Schimpfky N, Kunze K, Eisenhut M, et al. Intraindividual comparison of selective arterial versus venous 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:2899–905.
Yang D, Kim EE, Inoue T. Targeted molecular imaging in oncology. Ann Nucl Med. 2006;20:1–11.
Vanbilloen HP, Cleynhens BJ, Verbruggen AM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the four isomers of technetium-99m labeled ethylenecysteamine cysteine (99mTc-ECC), the mono-acid derivative of 99mTc-L, L ethylenedicysteine. Nucl Med Biol. 2000;27:207–14.
Jalilian AR, Yousefnia H, Zolghadri S, Khoshdel MR, Bolourinovin F, Rahiminejad A. Development of radiogallium–ethylenecysteamine cysteine complex as a possible renal imaging agent. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2010;284:49–54.
Shanehsazzadeh S, Yousefnia H, Lahooti A, Zolghadri S, Jalilian AR, Afarideh H. Assessment of human effective absorbed dose of 67Ga–ECC based on biodistribution rat data. Ann Nucl Med. 2015;29:118–24.
Stabin M, Tagesson M, Thomas S, Ljungberg M, Strand SE. Radiation dosimetry in nuclear medicine. Appl Radiat Isotopes. 1999;50:73–87.
Stabin MG. MIRDOSE: personal computer software for internal dose assessment in nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:538–46.
Loevinger R, Budinger TF, Watson EE. MIRD primer for absorbed dose calculations: society of nuclear medicine New York. 1988.
Sparks RB, Aydogan B. Comparison of the effectiveness of some common animal data scaling techniques in estimating human radiation dose. Sixth international radiopharmaceutical dosimetry symposium Oak Ridge. Oak Ridge Associated Universities; 1996. p. 705–716.
Stabin MG. The importance of patient-specific dose calculations in nuclear medicine. Nucl Eng Technol. 2008;40:527–32.
Lahooti A, Shanehsazzadeh S, Jalilian AR, Tavakoli MB. Assessment of effective absorbed dose of 111In-DTPA-Buserelin in human on the basis of biodistribution rat data. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2013;154:1–8.
Lahooti A, Shanehsazzadeh S, Oghabian MA, Allen BJ. Assessment of human effective absorbed dose of Tc-99m-USPIO based on biodistribution rat data. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. NJ: Wiley; 2013.
Sadeghzadeh M, Shanehsazzadeh S, Lahooti A. Assessment of the effective absorbed dose of 4-benzyl-1-(3-[125I]-iodobenzylsulfonyl) piperidine in humans on the basis of biodistribution data of rats. Nucl Med Commun. 2015;36:90–4.
Moghaddam AK, Jalilian AR, Hayati V, Shanehsazzadeh S. Determination of human absorbed dose of 201Tl (III)-DTPA-HIgG based on biodistribution data in rats. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2010;141:269–74.
Shanehsazzadeh S, Jalilian A. Development of [67Ga]-DTPA-gonadorelin in normal rats. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 2009;52:326.
Shanehsazzadeh S, Oghabian MA, Lahooti A, Allen BJ. Development of ultra small super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles labeled with Gallium-67 as a dual modality probe. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. NJ: Wiley; 2013.
Shanehsazzadeh S, Oghabian MA, Lahooti A, Abdollahi M, Haeri SA, Amanlou M, et al. Estimated background doses of [67Ga]-DTPA-USPIO in normal Balb/c mice as a potential therapeutic agent for liver and spleen cancers. Nucl Med Commun. 2013;34:915–25.
Shanehsazzadeh S, Lahooti A, Sadeghi HR, Jalilian AR. Estimation of human effective absorbed dose of 67Ga–cDTPA–gonadorelin based on biodistribution rat data. Nucl Med Commun. 2011;32:37–43.
Moghaddam AK, Jalilian AR, Hayati V, Shanehsazzadeh S, Dodangeh A, editors. Evaluation and calculation of human absorbed dose of 201Tl(III)-DTPA-HIgG based on biodistribution data in rats. J Labelled Compd Radiopharm. MA: Wiley; 2011.
Council B. Guidelines on the use of living animals in scientific investigations: Biological Council; 1987.
Lahooti A, Shanehsazzadeh S, Jalilian AR, Tavakoli MB. Assessment of effective absorbed dose of 111In-DTPA-Buserelin in human on the basis of biodistribution rat data. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2013;154:1–8.
Shanehsazzadeh S, Lahooti A. Biodistribution of 80 nm iron oxide nanoparticles labeled with 99mTc in Balb/c mice. Nucl Med Biol. 2014;41:625.
Jalilian A, Shanehsazzadeh S, Akhlaghi M, Garoosi J, Rajabifar S, Tavakoli M. Preparation and evaluation of [67Ga]-DTPA-β-1–24-corticotrophin in normal rats. Radiochim Acta. 2008;96:435–9.
Jalilian AR, Shanesazzadeh S, Rowshanfarzad P, Bolourinovin F, Majdabadi A. Biodistribution study of [61Cu] pyruvaldehyde-bis (N-4-methylthiosemicarbazone) in normal rats as a PET tracer. Nucl Sci Tech. 2008;19:159–64.
Jalilian AR, Sardari D, Kia L, Rowshanfarzad P, Garousi J, Akhlaghi M, et al. Preparation, quality control and biodistribution studies of two [111In]-rituximab immunoconjugates. Sci Pharm. 2008;76:151–70.
Jalilian AR, Shanehsazzadeh S, Akhlaghi M, Kamali-dehghan M, Moradkhani S. Development of [111In]-DTPA-buserelin for GnRH receptor studies. Radiochim Acta. 2010;98:113–9.
Jalilian AR, Shanehsazzadeh S, Akhlaghi M, Garousi J, Rajabifar S, Tavakoli MB. Preparation and biodistribution of [67Ga]-DTPA-gonadorelin in normal rats. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2008;278:123–9.
Shanehsazzadeh S, Jalilian AR, Sadeghi HR, Allahverdi M. Determination of human absorbed dose of 67GA-DTPA-ACTH based on distribution data in rats. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2009;134:79–86.
Shanehsazzadeh S, Gruettner C, Lahooti A, Mahmoudi M, Allen BJ, Ghavami M, et al. Monoclonal antibody conjugated magnetic nanoparticles could target MUC-1-positive cells in vitro but not in vivo. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2014;. doi:10.1002/cmmi.1627.
Bevelacqua J. Internal dosimetry primer. Radiat Prot Manage. 2005;22:7–17.
Snyder W, Ford M, Warner G, Watson S. Absorbed dose per unit cumulated activity for selected radionuclides and organs. MIRD Pamphlet No. 11. New York: Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1975.
ICRP. Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals. Addendum 3 to ICRP Publication 53. ICRP Publication 106. Approved by the Commission in October 2007. Ann ICRP. 2008;38((1–2)):1–197.
Boutaleb S, Pouget JP, Hindorf C, Pelegrin A, Barbet J, Kotzki PO, et al. Impact of mouse model on preclinical dosimetry in targeted radionuclide therapy. Proc IEEE. 2009;97:2076–85.
de Jong M, Breeman WA, Bernard BF, Bakker WH, Schaar M, van Gameren A, et al. [177Lu-DOTA0, Tyr3] octreotate for somatostatin receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy. Int J Cancer. 2001;92:628–33.
Lewis JS, Wang M, Laforest R, Wang F, Erion JL, Bugaj JE, et al. Toxicity and dosimetry of 177Lu-DOTA-Y3-octreotate in a rat model. Int J Cancer. 2001;94:873–7.
Wild D, Wicki A, Mansi R, Behe M, Keil B, Bernhardt P, et al. Exendin-4-based radiopharmaceuticals for glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor PET/CT and SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:1059–67.
Docenko D, Sunyaev R. Fine-structure infrared lines from the Cassiopeia A knots. arXiv preprint arXiv:08061801. 2008.
Docenko D. Spectroscopy of high-Z ions as a way to understanding the nature of Cas A knots and intergalactic shocks. 2008.
Shanehsazzadeh S, Lahooti A, Shirmardi SP, Erfani M. Comparison of estimated human effective dose of 67Ga- and 99mTc-labeled bombesin based on distribution data in mice. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2015. doi:10.1007/s10967-015-3995-7.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) for the financial support.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shanehsazzadeh, S., Yousefnia, H., Jalilian, A.R. et al. Estimated human absorbed dose for 68Ga-ECC based on mice data: comparison with 67Ga-ECC. Ann Nucl Med 29, 475–481 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-015-0967-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-015-0967-5