Love as a Fictitious Commodity: Gift-for-Sex Barters as Contractual Carriers of Intimacy
Abstract
Gift-for-sex (GFS) barters are a niche practice potentially representing the commodification of everyday dating practices. We inquire how GFS exchanges are practiced and understood in contemporary Russia. Second, we situate these in relation to contemporary economic culture. Our project provides answers in two steps based on online content. First, we identify GFS exchange practices within a major dating website. Next, we take the signals exchanged in those dating profiles and display their intersubjective meanings in Russia based on blogs and discussion fora. Our analysis focuses on gender roles and inter-gender conflicts, the use of economic jargon, the link between luxury consumption and sexuality, and understandings of gift-giving and generosity, in order to show how GFS barters, despite being contractual, carry emotional and romantic content. As such, love is under a constant conversion process, through the medium of the contractual gift, into the fictitious commodity form.
Keywords
Compensated dating Fictitious commodification Gift-exchange Post-socialist transformation Economic jargon SexualityNotes
Acknowledgments
Funded by a ‘teacher-student’ grant from the Academic Fund of the National Research University—Higher School of Economics. Significant research support was provided by Margarita Goldberg and Ekaterina Bounich. The authors are grateful to colleagues Grigory Yudin, Rafael Mrowczynski, Vadim Radaev, Tatiana Karabchuk, Leon Kosals, and Inna Deviatko for their critical remarks and suggestions.
References
- Arutyunyan, M., Zdravomyslova, O., & Shurygina, I. (2010). Social-pychological problems of children in the modern city. (Coциaльнo-пcиxoлoгичecкиe пpoблeмы peбeнкa в coвpeмeннoм гopoдe). Conference Paper for “Children and Youth” conference held from 1.03.10 to 4.04.10. Accessed January 4, 2012 online at http://ecsocman.hse.ru/text/33372879/.
- Ashwin, S. (Ed.). (2000). Gender, state and society in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. London, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Barker, G., & Rich, S. (1992). Influences on adolescent sexuality in Nigeria and Kenya: Findings from recent focus-group discussions. Studies in Family Planning, 23(3), 199–210.Google Scholar
- Béné, C., & Merten, S. (2008). Women and fish-for-sex: Transactional sex, HIV/AIDS and gender in African fisheries. World Development, 36(5), 875–899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bourdieu, P. (1998). The economy of symbolic goods. In P. Bourdieu (Ed.), Practical reason: On the theory of action (Chapter 5). Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
- Bridger, S., & Kay, R. (1996). Gender and generation in the new Russian labour market. In H. Pilkington (Ed.), Gender, generation and identity in contemporary Russia (pp. 21–39). London, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Carrier, J. (1995). Gifts and Commodities: Exchange and Western Capitalism since 1700. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Chatterji, M., Murray, N., London, D., & Anglewicz, P. (2004). The factors influencing transactional sex among young men and women in 12 Sub-Saharan African countries. POLICY programme funded by the US Agency for International Development. Washington DC, USA.Google Scholar
- Coleman, J. (2000). The foundations of social theory. Cambridge: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
- Egan, R. D. (2003). I’ll be your fantasy girl, if you’ll be my money man: Mapping desire, fantasy and power in two exotic dance clubs. Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society, 8(1), 277–296.Google Scholar
- Firth, R. (1959). Economics of the New Zealand Maori. Wellington: Government Printer.Google Scholar
- Giddens, A. (1992). The transformation of intimacy: Sexuality, love, and eroticism in modern societies. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
- Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Habermas, J. (1989). The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume 2: Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
- Horkheimer, M., & Adorno, T. (2002). Dialectic of enlightenment: Philosophical fragments. (E. Jephcott, Trans.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
- Illouz, E. (1997). Consuming the Romantic Utopia. London: University of California Press.Google Scholar
- Jamieson, L. (1988). Intimacy: Personal relationships in modern societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
- Kaufman, C. E., & Stavrou, S. E. (2004). ‘Bus fare please’: The economics of sex and gifts among young people in urban South Africa. Culture, Health, & Sexuality, 6(5), 377–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kon, I. S. (1995). The Sexual Revolution in Russia: From the Age of the Czars to Today. (J. Riordan, Tran.). New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
- Longfield, K., Glick, A., Waithaka, M., & Berman, J. (2002). Cross-generational relationship in Kenya: Couples’ motivations, risks perception and STIs/HIV and condom use. Working Paper No. 52. Washington, DC: Population Services International Research Division.Google Scholar
- Luke, N. (2003). Age and economic assymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 34(2), 67–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Luke, N. (2006). Exchange and condom use in informal sexual relationships in urban Kenya. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54(2), 319–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mandel, W. M. (1975). Soviet Women. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
- Marx, K. (2010). Capital: A critique of political economy. Moscow: Progress Publishers.Google Scholar
- Mauss, M. (2000). The gift. The form and reason for exchange in Archaic societies. (W. D. Hallis, Trans.). New York/London: Norton.Google Scholar
- McCoy, A. (2004). Blaming children for their own exploration: The situation in east Asia. ECPAT report on implementation of the agenda for action. Accessed January 24, 2012 on http://www.make-it-safe.net/eng/pdf/Blaming_Children.pdf.
- Moore, A. M., Biddlecom, A. E., & Zulu, E. M. (2007). Prevalence and meanings of exchange of money or gifts for sex in unmarried adolescent sexual relationships in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 11(3), 44–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nyanzi, S., Pool, R., & Kinsman, J. (2001). The negotiation of sexual relationships among school pupils in south western Uganda. AIDS Care 2001, 13(1), 83–98.Google Scholar
- Osteen, M. (2002). The question of the gift: Essays across disciplines. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation: The political and economic origins of our time. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
- Public Opinion Foundation (FOM). (2011). Internet Penetration in Russia. Report from July 18, 2011. Accessed on December 16, 2011 from http://www.ewdn.com/2011/07/18/internet-penetration-in-russia/.
- Ruth, J., Otnes, C., & Brunel, F. (1999). Gift receipt and the reformulation of interpersonal relationships. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(4), 385–402.Google Scholar
- Rzhanitsyna, L. (Ed.). (1993). Rabotaiushchie Zhenshchiny v Usloviiakh Perekhoda Rossii k Rynku (Working Women in Russia’s Market Transformation). Moscow: Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
- Sanders, T. (2008). Male sexual scripts: Intimacy, sexuality, and pleasure in the purchase of commercial sex. Sociology, 42(3), 400–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Silberschmidt, M., & Rasch, V. (2001) Adolescent girls, illegal abortions and ‘sugar daddies’ in Dar El Salaam: Vulnerable victim and active social agents. Social Science and Medicine, 52, 1815–1826.Google Scholar
- Silver, N. (1994). Prostitution and the mind/body debate. Off Our Backs, 24(11), 22.Google Scholar
- Simmel, G. (1995). The philosophy of money. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Ueno, C. (2003). Self-determination on sexuality? Commercialization of sex among teenage girls in Japan. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 4(2), 317–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zelizer, V. (2005). The purchase of intimacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar