Building NESTs to combat environmental crime networks
- 543 Downloads
- 1 Citations
Abstract
This article begins by providing a brief overview of environmental crime in the Asia and Pacific, highlighting its complexity, varying dimensions and transnational nature. It acknowledges the difficulties in responding to organised criminal groups that operate with flexible modus operandi to commit such crimes. The paper then discusses the importance of the National Environmental Security Taskforce approach, a model developed by INTERPOL to tackle environmental crimes. Collaboration and cooperation, within and between government and non-government organisations, are conceptualised as having a possibly positive ‘panopticon effect’ that has implications for responding to both organised criminal networks and state corruption in this domain.
Keywords
Environmental crime Asia-Pacific Corruption Organised crime networks National Environmental Security TaskforceNotes
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The author declares that he has no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the author.
References
- Akella A, Allan C (2014) Dismantling wildlife crime: executive summary. World Wildlife Fund, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
- Akella A, Cannon J (2004) Strengthening the weakest links: strategies for improving the enforcement of environmental laws globally. Conservation International, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
- Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2015) ‘Southeast Asia’s haze: Find out what is behind the chocking smoke covering Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore’. ABC News, 19 October 2015Google Scholar
- Ayling J (2013) What sustains wildlife crime? Rhino horn trading and the resilience of criminal networks’. J Int Wildlife Law Policy 16(1):57–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bisschop L (2015) Governance of the illegal trade in E-Waste and tropical timber: case studies on transnational environmental crime. Ashgate, FarnhamGoogle Scholar
- Boekhout van Solinge T (2008) The land of the orangutan and the bird of paradise under threat’. In: Sullund R (ed) Global harms: ecological crime and speciesism. Nova Science Publishers, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Boister N, Currie R (eds) (2014) Routledge handbook of transnational criminal law. Routledge, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Borras S Jr, Franco J, Wang C (2013) The challenge of global governance of land grabbing: changing international agricultural context and competing political views and strategies’. Globalizations 10(1):161–179CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brisman A, South N, White R (eds) (2015) Environmental crime and social conflict: contemporary and emerging issues. Ashgate, FarnhamGoogle Scholar
- Burrell A, Gay S, Kavallari A (2012) The compatability of EU biofuel policies with global sustainability and the WTO’. World Econ 35(6):784–798CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Charles C, Gerasimchuk I, Birdle R, Moerenhout T, Asmelash E, Laan T (2013) Biofuels – At What Cost? A review of costs and benefits of EU biofuels policies. Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable DevelopmentGoogle Scholar
- Dobovsek B, Pracek R (2010) ‘Solving problems related to environmental crime investigations’. In: Mesko G, Dimitijevic D, Fields C (eds) Understanding and managing threats to the environment in South Eastern Europe. Springer, Dordrecht, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
- Europol (2011) Oct. 2011: EU Organised Crime Threat Assessment . The Hague : Europol < https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/octa2011.pdf. Accessed 1 Jun 2013
- Fariz D (2012) ‘Corruption in forest Crimes’, in corruption, environment and the united nations convention against corruption. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, ViennaGoogle Scholar
- Faure M, De Smedt P, Stas A (eds) (2015) Environmental enforcement networks: concepts, implementation and effectiveness. Edward Elga, CheltenhamGoogle Scholar
- Foucault M (1977) Discipline and punish. Allen Lane, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Gibbs C, McGarrell E, Sullivan B (2015) Intelligence-led policing and transnational environmental crime: a process evaluation’. Eur J Criminol 12(2):242–259CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Global Witness (2013) Rubber Barons: how vietnamese companies and international financiers are driving a land grabbing crisis in Cambodia and Laos. Global Witness, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Global Witness (2015) How Many More? 2014’s deadly environment: the killing and intimidation of environmental and land activists, with a spotlight on Honduras. Global Witness, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Graycar A, Felson M (2010) Situational prevention of organised timber theft and related corruption’. In: Bullock K, Clarke R, Tilley N (eds) Situational prevention of organised crimes. Willan, PortlandGoogle Scholar
- Higgins D, White R (2016) Collaboration at the Front Line: INTERPOL and NGOs in the Same NEST’. In: Pink G, White R (eds) Environmental crime and collaborative state intervention. Palgrave Macmillan, BasingstokeGoogle Scholar
- INTERPOL (2012) National environmental security task force: bringing compliance and enforcement agencies together to maintain environmental security. INTERPOL, LyonGoogle Scholar
- INTERPOL (2013) ‘INTERPOL meeting aims to strengthen cooperation on environmental crime activities’ (media release). INTERPOL, LyonGoogle Scholar
- INTERPOL (2015) Environmental crime and its convergence with other serious crimes’. INTERPOL, LyonGoogle Scholar
- INTERPOL and United Nations Environment Programme (2012) Summit report: international chiefs of environmental compliance and enforcement. INTERPOL and UNEP, LyonGoogle Scholar
- Joines J (2012) Globalization of E-waste and the consequences of development: a case study of China’. J Soc Justice 2:1–15Google Scholar
- Lemieux A (ed) (2014) Situational prevention of poaching. Routledge, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Lemieux A, Clarke R (2009) The international ban on ivory sales and its effects on elephant poaching in Africa’. Br J Criminol 49(1):451–471CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lundgren K (2012) The global impact of e-waste: addressing the challenge. SafeWork and SECTOR, International Labor Office, GenevaGoogle Scholar
- Moreto W (2015) Introducing intelligence-led conservation: bridging crime and conservation science’. Crime Sci 4(15):1–11Google Scholar
- Nellemann C, Henriksen R, Raxter P, Ash N, Mrema E (eds) (2014) The environmental crime crisis: threats to sustainable development from illegal exploitation and trade in wildlife and forest resources. United Nations Environment Programme and GRID-Arendal, NairobiGoogle Scholar
- Ngoc AC, Wyatt T (2012) A green criminological exploration of illegal wildlife trade in Vietnam’. J Asian Criminol 8:129–142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pink G (2015) Personal Communication. [Grant Pink is the Australian representative to the INTERPOL Environment Committee]Google Scholar
- Pink G, Bartel R (2015) Regulator networks: collaborative agency approaches to the implementation and enforcement of environmental law. In: Martin P, Kennedy A (eds) Implementation of environmental law. Edward Elgar, CheltenhamGoogle Scholar
- Pink G, White R (2016) Collaboration in combating environmental crime: making it matter’. In: Pink G, White R (eds) Environmental crime and collaborative state intervention. Basingstoke, Palgrave MacmillanCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pires SF (2012) The illegal parrot trade: a literature review’. Global Crime 13(3):176–190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pires S, Clarke R (2011) Sequential foraging, itinerant fences and parrot poaching in bolivia’. Br J Criminol 51(2):314–335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pires S, Moreto W (2011) Preventing wildlife crimes: solutions that can overcome the “tragedy of the commons”. Eur J Crim Policy Res 17(2):101–123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Robin M-M (2010) The world according to monsanto: pollution, corruption and the control of our food supply. The New Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Santoso T (2012) ‘Indonesia’s national strategy to combat illegal logging and Corruption’, in corruption, environment and the united nations convention against corruption. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, ViennaGoogle Scholar
- Schneider J (2012) Sold into extinction: the global trade in endangered species. Praeger, Santa BarbaraGoogle Scholar
- Setiono B (2007) Fighting illegal logging and forest-related financial crimes: the anti-money laundering approach’. In: Elliot L (ed) Transnational environmental crime in the asia-pacific: a workshop report. Australian National University, CanberraGoogle Scholar
- South N, Wyatt T (2011) Comparing illicit trades in wildlife and drugs: an exploratory study’. Deviant Behav 32:538–561CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- United Nations Environment Programme (2011) UNEP year book: emerging issues in our global environment 2011. UNEP, NairobiGoogle Scholar
- United Nations Environment Programme (2013b) Division of Environmental Law and Conventions. (http://www.unep.org/delc/EnvironmentalCrime/tabid/54407/Default.aspx). Accessed 2 Jan 2014
- United Nations Environment Programme UNEP (2013a) Threats to biodiversity. <http://www.unep-wcmc.org/threats-to-biodiversity_52.html>. Accessed 4 Sept 2013
- United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (2013) Environmental Crimes, 2013. <http://www.unicri.it/print.php>. Accessed 2 Jan 2014
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2011) Transnational organized crime in the fishing industry. United Nations, ViennaGoogle Scholar
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2013) Transnational organized crime in east asia and the pacific: a threat assessment. UNODC, ViennaGoogle Scholar
- Van Dinh TT (2012) ‘Addressing corruption in the environmental sector: How the united nations convention against corruption provides a basis for Action’, in corruption, environment and the united nations convention against corruption. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, ViennaGoogle Scholar
- Varkkey H (2013) Oil palm plantations and transboundary haze: patronage networks and land licensing in Indonesia’s peatlands’. Wetland 33:679–690CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Von Essen E, Hansen H, Kallstrom H, Peterson M, Peterson T (2014) Deconstructing the poaching phenomenon: a review of typologies for understanding illegal hunting. Br J Criminol 54:632–651CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Warchol G, Zupan L, Clack W (2003) Transnational criminality: an analysis of the illegal wildlife market in Southern Africa. Int Crim Justice Rev 13:1–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wellsmith M (2011) Wildlife crime: the problems of enforcement. Eur J Crim Policy Res 17(2):125–148CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- White R (2011) Environmental law enforcement: the importance of global networks and collaborative practices. Aust Policing J Prof Pract Res 3(1):16–22Google Scholar
- White R (2012) NGO engagement in environmental law enforcement: critical reflections. Aust Policing J Prof Pract Res 4(1):7–11Google Scholar
- White R, Heckenberg D (2014) Green criminology: an introduction to the study of environmental harm. Routledge, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wong R (2015) The organization of the illegal tiger parts trade in China. Br J Criminol. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azv080 Google Scholar
- Wright G (2011) Conceptualising and combating transnational environmental crime’. Trends Organised Crime 14:332–346CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wyatt T (2013) Wildlife trafficking: a deconstruction of the crime, the victims, and the offenders. Palgrave Macmillan, BasingstokeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zhang L, Hua N, Sun S (2008) Wildlife trade, consumption and conservation awareness in Southwest China’. Biodivers Conserv 17:1493–1516CrossRefGoogle Scholar