Pathology of Fungal Rhinosinusitis: A Review
Special Issue: Sinonasal Tract Pathology. Guest Editors: Justin Bishop, MD and Alessandro Franchi, MD
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:
- 710 Downloads
- 4 Citations
Abstract
Fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) comprises a spectrum of disease processes that vary in clinical presentation, histologic appearances, and biological significance. FRS can be acute or chronic and is most commonly classified as non-invasive or invasive based on whether fungi have invaded into tissue. This manuscript will review the pathologic classification of FRS.
Keywords
Rhinosinusitis Fungal ball Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis Aspergillus Allergic mucinReferences
- 1.Chakrabarti A, Das A, Panda NK. Controversies surrounding the categorization of fungal sinusitis. Med Mycol. 2009;47(suppl 1):S299–308.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 2.Chakrabarti A, Denning DW, Ferguson BJ, et al. Fungal rhinosinusitis: a categorization and definitional scheme addressing current controversies. Laryngoscope. 2009;119:1809–18.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 3.Granville L, Chirala M, Cernoch P, Ostrowski M, Truong LD. Fungal sinusitis: histologic spectrum and correlation with culture. Hum Pathol. 2004;35:474–81.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 4.Taxy J. Paranasal fungal sinusitis: contributions of histopathology to diagnosis: a report of 60 cases and literature review. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(6):713–20.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 5.Das A, Bal A, Chakrabarti A, Panda N, Joshi K. Spectrum of fungal rhinosinusitis; histopathologist’s perspective. Histopathology. 2009;54:854–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 6.Montone KT, Livolsi VA, Feldman MD, Lanza DC, Palmer J, Chiu AG, Kennedy DW, Nachamkin I. Fungal rhinosinusitis: a report of 400 patients at a single university medical center. Int J Otolaryngol. 2012;2012:684835.PubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.Montone K. Recent considerations in the classification and pathogenesis of fungal rhinosinusitis in pathobiology of human disease: a dynamic encyclopedia of disease mechanisms. 2014;1432–44.Google Scholar
- 8.Dufour X, Kauffman-Lacroix C, Ferrie JC, Goujon JM, Rodier MH, Klossek JM. Paranasal sinus fungal ball epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis. A retrospective analysis of 173 cases from a single center in France 1989–2002. Med Mycol. 2006;44:61–7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 9.Nicolai P, Lombardi D, Tomenzoli D, Villaret AB, Piccioni M, Mensi M, Maroldi R. Fungus ball of the paranasal sinuses: experience in 160 patients treated with endoscopic surgery. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(11):2275–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 10.Michael RC, Michael JS, Ashbee RH, Mathews MS. Mycological profile of fungal sinusitis: an audit of specimens over a 7-year period in a tertiary care hospital in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2008;51:493–6.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 11.Panda NK, Sharma SC, Chakrabarti A, Mann SBS. Paranasal sinus mycoses in north India. Mycoses. 1998;41:281–6.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 12.Challa S, Uppin SG, Hanumanthu S, Panigrahi MK, Purohit AK, Sattaluri S, Borgohain R, Chava A, Vemu L, Jagarlapudi MM. Fungal rhinosinusitis: a clinicopathological study from South India. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;267(8):1239–45.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 13.Schubert MS. Allergic fungal sinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2004;37:301–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Schubert MS. Allergic fungal sinusitis: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Med Mycol. 2009;47(suppl 1):S324–30.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 15.Schubert MS. Allergic fungal sinusitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2006;30(3):205–16.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 16.Laury AM, Wise SK. Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 2013;27:S26–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Montone K. Role of fungi in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis: an update. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013;13(2):224–8.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 18.Montone KT. The molecular genetics of inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious diseases of the sinonasal tract: a review. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014;138(6):745–53.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 19.Lackner A, Stammberger H, Buzina W, et al. Fungi: a normal content of human nasal mucus. Am J Rhinol. 2005;19:125–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 20.Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Kern EB, et al. The diagnosis and incidence of allergic fungal sinusitis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74:877–84.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 21.Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Weaver A, Kita H. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with intranasal amphotericin B: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:125–31.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 22.Ebbens FA, Fokkens WJ. The mold conundrum in chronic rhinosinusitis: where do we stand today? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008;8(2):93–101.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 23.Soler ZM, Schlosser RJ. The role of fungi in diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012;26:351–8.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 24.Chang C, Gershwin ME, Thompson GR. Fungal diseases of the nose and sinuses: an updated overview. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013;13:152–61.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 25.Callejas CA, Doglas G. Fungal rhinosinusitis: what every allergist should know. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013;43:835–49.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 26.Murr AH, Goldberg AN, Pletcher SD, Dillehay K, Wymer LJ, Vesper SJ. Some chronic rhinosinusitis patients have elevated populations of fungi in their sinuses. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:1438–45.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 27.Orlandi RR, Marple BF. The role of fungus in chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2010;43:531–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.Orlandi RR, Marple BF, Georgelas A, et al. Immunologic response to fungus is not universally associated with rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;141(6):750–6.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 29.Shin SH, Poinikau JU, Sherris DA, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis: an enhanced immune response to ubiquitous airborne fungi. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:1369–75.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 30.Al-Dousary SH. Allergic fungal sinusitis: radiological and microbiological features of 59 cases. Ann Saudi Med. 2008;28(1):17–21.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 31.Perez LA, Lanza DC, Loevner LA, Kennedy DW, Montone KT. In situ hybridization for Aspergillus and Penicillium in allergic fungal sinusitis: a rapid means of speciating fungal pathogens in tissues. Laryngoscope. 1997;107(2):233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.Montone KT, Livolsi VA, Lanza DC, Feldman MD, Kennedy DW, Palmer J, Chiu AG, Nachamkin I. Rapid in situ hybridization for dematiaceous fungi using a broad-spectrum oligonucleotide DNA probe. Diagn Mol Pathol. 2011;20(3):180–3.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 33.Ferguson BJ. Eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Laryngoscope. 2000;110(5):799–813.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 34.Guo C, Ghaderoshi S, Kephart GM, et al. Improving the detection of fungi in eosinophilic mucin: seeing what we could not see before. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;147(5):943–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 35.Bent JP, Kuhn F. Diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;111:580–8.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 36.Duggal P, Wise SK. Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2013;27:S28–30.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 37.Süslü AE, Oğretmenoğlu O, Süslü N, Yücel OT, Onerci TM. Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis: our experience with 19 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;266(1):77–82.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 38.Monroe MM, McLean M, Sautter N, et al. Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis: a 15 year experience with 29 patients. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:1583–7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 39.Taxy JB, El-Zayaty S, Langerman A. Acute fungal sinusitis: natural history and the role of frozen section. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;132(1):86–93.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 40.Ghadiali MT, Deckard NA, Farooq U, Astor F, Robinson P, Casiano RR. Frozen-section biopsy analysis for acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;136(5):714–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 41.Derber C, Elam K, Bearman G. Invasive sinonasal disease due to dematiaceous fungi in immunocompromised individuals: case report and review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2010:e329–32.Google Scholar
- 42.Campo M, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Invasive fusariosis in patients with hematologic malignancies at a cancer center: 1998–2009. J Infect. 2010;60(5):331–7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 43.Montone KT, LiVolsi VA, Lanza DC, Kennedy DW, Palmer J, Chiu AG, Feldman MD, Loevner LA, Nachamkin I. In situ hybridization for specific fungal organisms in acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;135(2):190–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 44.Montone KT. Differential diagnosis of necrotizing sinonasal diseases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2016;139(12):1508–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016