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Head and Neck Pathology

, Volume 8, Issue 1, pp 88–109 | Cite as

Sinonasal Tract and Nasopharyngeal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: A Clinicopathologic and Immunophenotypic Study of 86 Cases

  • Lester D. R. ThompsonEmail author
  • Carla Penner
  • Ngoc J. Ho
  • Robert D. Foss
  • Markku Miettinen
  • Jacqueline A. Wieneke
  • Christopher A. Moskaluk
  • Edward B. Stelow
Original Research
First Online:

Abstract

Primary sinonasal tract and nasopharyngeal adenoid cystic carcinomas (STACC) are uncommon tumors that are frequently misclassified, resulting in inappropriate clinical management. Eighty-six cases of STACC included 45 females and 41 males, aged 12–91 years (mean 54.4 years). Patients presented most frequently with obstructive symptoms (n = 54), followed by epistaxis (n = 23), auditory symptoms (n = 12), nerve symptoms (n = 11), nasal discharge (n = 11), and/or visual symptoms (n = 10), present for a mean of 18.2 months. The tumors involved the nasal cavity alone (n = 25), nasopharynx alone (n = 13), maxillary sinus alone (n = 4), or a combination of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (n = 44), with a mean size of 3.7 cm. Patients presented equally between low and high stage disease: stage I and II (n = 42) or stage III and IV (n = 44) disease. Histologically, the tumors were invasive (bone: n = 66; neural: n = 47; lymphovascular: n = 33), composed of a variety of growth patterns, including cribriform (n = 33), tubular (n = 16), and solid (n = 9), although frequently a combination of these patterns was seen within a single tumor. Pleomorphism was mild with an intermediate N:C ratio in cells containing hyperchromatic nuclei. Reduplicated basement membrane and glycosaminoglycan material was commonly seen. Necrosis (n = 16) and atypical mitotic figures (n = 11) were infrequently present. Pleomorphic adenoma was present in 9 cases; de-differentiation was seen in two patients. Immunohistochemical studies showed positive reactions for pan-cytokeratin, CK7, CK5/6, CAM5.2, and EMA, with myoepithelial reactivity with SMA, p63, calponin, S100 protein and SMMHC. CD117, CEA, GFAP and p16 were variably present. CK20 and HR HPV were negative. STACC needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of most sinonasal malignancies, particularly poorly differentiated carcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma and pleomorphic adenoma. Surgery (n = 82), often accompanied by radiation therapy (n = 36), was generally employed. A majority of patients developed a recurrence (n = 52) 2–144 months after initial presentation. Overall mean follow-up was 19.4 years (range 0.4–37.5 years): 46 patients died with disease (mean 6.4 years); 5 were alive with disease (mean 5.4 years), and 35 patients were either alive or had died of unrelated causes (mean 16.3 years). ACC of the SNT is uncommon. Recurrences are common. The following parameters, when present, suggest an increased incidence of either recurrence or dying with disease: mixed site of involvement, high stage disease (stage IV), skull base involvement, tumor recurrence, a solid histology, perineural invasion, bone invasion, and lymphovascular invasion.

Keywords

Adenoid cystic carcinoma Paranasal sinuses Nasal cavity Staging Prognosis Histology Immunohistochemistry 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of Southern California Permanente Medical Group. A special thanks to Ms. Hannah Herrera for her research assistance.

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© Springer Science+Business Media New York (outside the USA) 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  • Lester D. R. Thompson
    • 1
    Email author
  • Carla Penner
    • 2
  • Ngoc J. Ho
    • 3
  • Robert D. Foss
    • 4
  • Markku Miettinen
    • 5
  • Jacqueline A. Wieneke
    • 6
  • Christopher A. Moskaluk
    • 7
  • Edward B. Stelow
    • 7
  1. 1.Department of Pathology, Southern California Permanente Medical GroupWoodland Hills Medical CenterWoodland HillsUSA
  2. 2.Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Centre and Faculty of DentistryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
  3. 3.Southern California Permanente Medical GroupPasadenaUSA
  4. 4.Naval Postgraduate Dental SchoolBethesdaUSA
  5. 5.National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUSA
  6. 6.Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringUSA
  7. 7.University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUSA

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