Abstract
A myriad of factors have been advanced to explain intimate violence. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects on intimate violence of three specific concepts: threatened egoism, violence in the family of origin, and reciprocity. Self-report questionnaires were administered to a randomly selected cluster sample of 423 participants, 147 males and 276 females. While no support was found for threatened egoism, both violence witnessed in the family of origin and reciprocity were found to significantly influence intimate violence. Analyses conducted separately for males and females indicated that these factors operate differently based on gender.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence: Isolation and communion in Western man. Boston: Beacon Press.
Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., & Campbell, W. K. (2000). Self-esteem, narcissism, and aggression: Does violence result from low self-esteem or from threatened egoism? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 26–29.
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egoism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5–33.
Bird, G. W., Stith, S. M., & Schladale, J. (1991). Psychological resources, coping strategies, and negotiation styles as discriminators of violence in dating relationships. Family Relations, 40, 45–50.
Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egoism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 219–229.
Buttell, F., Muldoon, J., & Carney, M. (2005). An application of attachment theory to court-mandated batterers. Journal of Family Violence, 20(4), 211–217.
Cale, E. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2006). Psychopathy factors and risk for aggressive behavior: A test of the “threatened egotism” hypothesis. Law and Human Behavior, 30(1), 51–74.
Carlson, B. E. (1987). Dating violence: A research review and comparison with spouse abuse. Social Casework, 68, 16–23.
Carr, J. L., & VanDeusen, K. M. (2002). The relationship between family of origin violence and dating violence in college men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 630–646.
Cho, H., & Wilke, D. J. (2005). How has the Violence Against Women Act affected the response of the criminal justice system to domestic violence? Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 32(4), 125–139.
Crowell, N. A., & Burgess, A. W. (1996). Understanding violence against women. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Dutton, D. G. (1988). Profiling of wife assaulters: Preliminary evidence for a trimodal analysis. Violence and Victims, 3(1), 5–29.
Emmons, R. A. (1987). Narcissism: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 11–17.
Fisher, B. (Ed.) (2004). Violence against women and family violence: Developments in research, practice, and policy. Retrieved December 17, 2007 from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/199701.pdf.
Follingstad, D. R., Bradley, R. G., Laughlin, J. E., & Burke, L. (1999). Risk factors and correlates of dating violence: The relevance of examining frequency and severity levels in a college sample. Violence and Victims, 14, 365–380.
Foshee, V. A., Bauman, K. E., & Linder, G. F. (1999). Family violence and the perpetration of adolescent dating violence: Examining social learning and social control processes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 331–342.
George, D. T., Umhau, J. C., Phillips, M. J., Emmela, D., Ragan, P. W., Shoaf, S. E., et al. (2001). Serotonin, testosterone, and alcohol in the etiology of domestic violence. Psychiatry Research, 104(1), 27–37.
Gilligan, C., & Brown, L. (1992). Meeting at the crossroads: Women’s psychology and girls’ development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gwartney-Gibbs, P. A., Stockard, J., & Bohmer, S. (1987). Learning courtship aggression: The influence of parents, peers, and personal experiences. Family Relations, 36, 276–282.
Harned, M. S. (2002). A multivariate analysis of risk markers for dating violence victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 1179–1197.
Hendy, H. M., Weiner, K., Bakerofskie, J., Eggen, D., Gustitus, C., & McLeod, K. C. (2003). Comparison of six models for violent romantic relationships in college men and women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 645–665.
Jenkins, S. S., & Aube, J. (2002). Gender differences and gender-related constructs in dating aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1106–1118.
Josephs, R. A., Markus, H. R., & Tafarodi, R. W. (1992). Gender and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 391–402.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., Waugh, C. E., Valencia, A., & Webster, G. D. (2002). The functional domain specificity of self-esteem and the differential prediction of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 756–767.
Laporte, L., & Guttman, H. (1996). Traumatic childhood experiences as risk factors for borderline and other personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 10(3), 247–259.
Lavoie, F., Hebert, M., Tremblay, R., Vitaro, F., Vezina, L., & McDuff, P. (2002). History of family dysfunction and perpetration of dating violence by adolescent boys: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 375–383.
Lewis, S. F., & Fremouw, W. (2001). Dating violence: A critical review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 105–127.
Lewis, S. F., Travea, L., & Fremouw, W. J. (2002). Characteristics of female perpetrators and victims of dating violence. Violence and Victims, 17, 593–606.
Makepeace, J. M. (1986). Gender differences in courtship violence victimization. Family Relations, 35, 383–388.
Marshall, L. L., & Rose, P. (1990). Premarital violence: The impact of family of origin violence, stress, and reciprocity. Violence and Victims, 5, 51–64.
McKenry, P.C., Julian, T. W., & Gavazzi, S. M. (1995). Toward a biopsychosocial model of domestic violence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(May), 307–320.
O’Keefe, M. (1998). Factors mediating the link between witnessing interparental violence and dating violence. Journal of Family Violence, 13, 39–57.
Papps, B. P., & O’Carroll, R. E. (1998). Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 24, 421–438.
Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45, 590.
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890–902.
Rhatigan, D. L., Moore, T. M., & Street, A. E. (2005). Reflections on partner violence: 20 years of research and beyond. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(1), 82–88.
Roark, M. L. (1987). Preventing violence on college campuses. Journal of Counseling and Development, 65, 367–371.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sanchez, D. T., & Kwang, T. (2007). When the relationship becomes her: Revisiting women’s body concerns from a relationship contingency perspective. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(4), 401–414.
Sedikides, C., Oliver, M. B., & Campbell, W. K. (1994). Perceived benefits and costs of romantic relationships for women and men: Implications for exchange theory. Personal Relationships, 1(1), 5–21.
Simoneti, S., Scott, E. C., & Murphy, C. M. (2000). Dissociative experiences in partner-assaultive men. Journal of f Interpersonal Violence, 15(12), 1262–1283.
Soler, H., Vinayak, P., & Quadagno, D. (2000). Biosocial aspects of domestic violence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 721–739.
Soyer, R. B., Rovenpor, J. L., Kopelman, R. E., Mullins, L. S., & Watson, P. J. (2001). Further assessment of the construct validity of four measures of narcissism: Replication and extension. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 135, 245–258.
Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75–88.
Straus, M. (1980). Victims and aggressors in marital violence. American Behavioral Scientist, 23, 681–704.
Straus, M. A., & Ramirez, I. L. (2004). Criminal history and assault of dating partners: The role of type of prior crime, age of onset, and gender. Violence and Victims, 19(4), 413–434.
Testa, M., Quigley, B. M., & Leonard, K. E. (2003). Does alcohol make a difference? Within participants comparison of incidents of partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(7), 735–743.
Watson, P. J., & Biderman, M. D. (1993). Narcissistic personality inventory factors, splitting, and self-consciousness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 41–57.
White, J. W., & Koss, M. P. (1991). Courtship violence: Incidence in a national sample of higher education students. Violence and Victims, 6, 247–256.
Whiteside-Mansell, L., & Corwyn, R. F. (2003). Mean and covariance structure analyses: An examination of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale among adolescents and adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 163–173.
Williams, S. L., & Frieze, I. H. (2005). Patterns of violent relationships, psychological distress, and marital satisfaction in a national sample of men and women. Sex Roles, 52(11–12), 771–784.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Holt, J.L., Gillespie, W. Intergenerational Transmission of Violence, Threatened Egoism, and Reciprocity: A Test of Multiple Psychosocial Factors Affecting Intimate Partner Violence. Am J Crim Just 33, 252–266 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-008-9036-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-008-9036-0