Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Management of Extraocular Infections

  • Review Article
  • Published:
The Indian Journal of Pediatrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Extraocular infection is a frequently encountered problem in children including neonates and infants. Prompt recognition of the extraocular disease and management at first contact reduces the ocular morbidity and visual impairment. Delay in administering appropriate therapy and referral to an eye care personnel may result in blindness; sometimes bilateral, due to severe ophthalmia neonatorum. This review is mainly aimed at offering basic, brief information about common extraocular infections prevalent among infants and children living in developing countries as a ready reference to practising pediatricians and neonatologists. Through this review, the pediatricians, as the first contact may feel confident and comfortable in managing ocular infection in pediatric population particularly living in remote rural and tribal region. Literature search was made by retrieving related publications through peer reviewed journals, PUBMED and Cochrane meta-analysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Teoh DL, Reynolds S. Diagnosis and management of pediatric conjunctivitis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2003;19:48–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Rapoza PA, Quinn TC, Kiessling LA, Green WR, Taylor HR. Assessment of neonatal conjunctivitis with a direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody stain for Chlamydia. JAMA. 1986;255:3369–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Recommendations for prevention of neonatal ophthalmia. Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. Can Med Assoc J. 1983;129:554–5.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Fransen L, Klauss V. Neonatal ophthalmia in the developing world. Epidemiology, etiology, management and control. Int Ophthalmol. 1988;11:189–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Aruljyothi L, Radhakrishnan N, Prajna VN, Lalitha P. Clinical and microbiological study of paediatric keratitis in South India : a 3 year study (2013-2015). Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100:1719–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Baba I. The red eye-first aid at the primary level. Community Eye Health. 2005;18:70–2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Ozer PA, Kabatas EU, Gurkan A, Kurtul BE. Treatment of phthiriasis palpebrarum mimicking conjunctivitis in a newborn. Indian J Pediatr. 2016;83:730–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Brugha RE, Abrahamson E. Ambulatory intravenous antibiotic therapy for children with preseptal cellulitis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;28:226–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Yang M, Quah BL, Seah LL, Looi A. Orbital cellulitis in children-medical treatment versus surgical management. Orbit. 2009;28:124–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Bell TA, Kronmal RA, Grayston JT; Eye Prophylaxis Study Group. The bacterial etiology of conjunctivitis in early infancy. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:326–32.

  11. Khan FA, Hussain MA, Khan Niazi SP, Haq Zu, Akhtar N. Efficacy of 2.5% and 1.25% povidone-iodine solution for prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2016;26:121–4.

  12. Matejcek A, Goldman RD. Treatment and prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum. Can Fam Physician. 2013;59:1187–90.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Hammerschlag MR, Cummings C, Roblin PM, Williams TH, Delke I. Efficacy of neonatal ocular prophylaxis for the prevention of chlamydial and gonococcal conjunctivitis. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:769–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. MacDonald N, Mailman T, Desai S. Gonococcal infection in newborns and in adolescents. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;609:108–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zloto O, Gharaibeh A, Mezer E, Stankovic B, Isenberg S, Wygnanski-Jaffe T. Ophthalmia neonatorum treatment and prophylaxis: IPOSC global study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254:577–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Azari AA, Barney NP. Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 2013;310:1721–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Rose PW, Harnden A, Brueggemann AB, et al. Chloramphenicol treatment for acute infective conjunctivitis in children in primary care: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:37–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Valenton M, et al. A controlled trial of povidone-iodine to treat infectious conjunctivitis in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:681–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Agashe R, Radhakrishnan N, Pradhan S, Srinivasan M, Prajna VN, Lalitha P. Clinical and demographic study of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in South India: a 3-year study (2013-2015). Br J Ophthalmol. 2017. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309845.

  20. Azher TN, Yin XT, Tajfirouz D, Huang AJW, Stuart PM. Herpes simplex keratitis: challenges in diagnosis and clinical management. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017;11:185–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Kaye SB, Baker K, Bonshek R, et al. Human herpes viruses in the cornea. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84:563–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Leonard A. Management of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmol Ther. 2013;2:73–88.

  23. Vajpayee RB, Ray M, Panda A, et al. Risk factors for pediatric presumed microbial keratitis: a case-control study. Cornea. 1999;18:565–9.

  24. Kakar S, Bhalla P, Maria A, Rana M, Chawla R, Mathur NB. Chlamydia trachomatis causing neonatal conjunctivitis in a tertiary care center. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2010;28:45–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mohile M, Deorari AK, Satpathy G, Sharma A, Singh M. Microbiological study of neonatal conjunctivitis with special reference to chlamydia trachomatis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002;50:295–9.

  26. Schuster V, Seregard S. Ligneous conjunctivitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2003;48:369–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Borel MG. Un nouveau syndrome palpebral. Bull Soc Ophthalmol Fr. 1933;46:168–80.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Mathen MM, Vishnu S, Prajna NV, Vijayalakshmi P, Srinivasan M. Congenital corneal anesthesia: a series of four case reports. Cornea. 2001;20:194–6.

  29. Sinha A, Jonas JB, Kulkarni M, Nangia V. Vitamin a deficiency in schoolchildren in urban central India: the central India children eye study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:1095–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. El-Hefnawi H, Mortada A. Ocular manifestations of xeroderma pigmentosum. Br J Dermatol. 1965;77:261–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Cruz AA, Menezes FA, Chaves R, Pinto Coelho R, Velasco EF, Kikuta H. Eyelid abnormalities in lamellar ichthyosis. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:1895–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

SM and NR: Conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript, final approval of the manuscript version. SM will act as guarantor for the paper.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Srinivasan Muthiah.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

None.

Source of Funding

None.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Muthiah, S., Radhakrishnan, N. Management of Extraocular Infections. Indian J Pediatr 84, 945–952 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-017-2409-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-017-2409-y

Keywords

Navigation