Network Constrained Spatio-Temporal Hotspot Mapping of Crimes in Faisalabad

  • Shoaib Khalid
  • Fariha Shoaib
  • Tianlu Qian
  • Yikang Rui
  • Arezu Imran Bari
  • Muhammad Sajjad
  • Muhammad Shakeel
  • Jiechen Wang
Article
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Abstract

The Network Kernel Density Estimation (NetKDE) is a useful tool for visualization of point events over a network space, but it lacks in expressing the statistical significance of the mapped phenomenon. In this paper, we discuss the network hotspot detection of street crimes by integrating the NetKDE and the Getis-Ord GI* statistics. We selected four types of network-constrained crimes, i.e., bike theft, car theft, robbery, and snatching. The NetKDE is a useful technique to study the patterns of crimes bounded by the road networks. We used the Spatial Analysis along Networks (SANET) tools for computing the Network Kernel Density Estimation (NetKDE) and utilized the results of the NetKDE as input values for computing the Getis-Ord GI* statistics. The combination of these two methods can detect the network-constrained hotspots that are statistically significant. We also performed the network K-function, the extension of the Ripley’s K-function on networks. The network K-function analysis displays the significant clustering of crime events at different scales. Results demonstrated that the intensity of street crimes are strongly concentrated in the central part of the city. Moreover, the results reflected that the functional nature of different urban land use affects the frequency of crime events. Various urban land uses such as commercial, residential and industrial area seemed to influence the distribution of different types of crimes. The hotspot analysis has real potential, impacting the police patrolling protocols. The methods presented in this study suggest that there is a need to distinguish the planar and network hotspots and crime prevention policies could be enacted according to the type of hotspots.

Keywords

Network-constrained clusters network hotspots Getis-Ord GI* NetKDE K-function 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

We are thankful for the Citizen Police Liaison Committee Faisalabad, SSP Operations Faisalabad City Police Department and City Police Officer Faisalabad for their generous help and providing the crimes data.

Supplementary material

12061_2017_9230_MOESM1_ESM.rar (12 kb)
ESM 1 (RAR 12 kb)

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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  • Shoaib Khalid
    • 1
    • 2
  • Fariha Shoaib
    • 1
    • 2
  • Tianlu Qian
    • 1
  • Yikang Rui
    • 1
    • 3
  • Arezu Imran Bari
    • 4
  • Muhammad Sajjad
    • 2
  • Muhammad Shakeel
    • 2
  • Jiechen Wang
    • 1
    • 3
    • 5
  1. 1.Department of Geographic Information ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
  2. 2.Department of GeographyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
  3. 3.Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and TechnologyNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
  4. 4.Global Development InstituteUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
  5. 5.Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and ApplicationNanjingChina

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