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Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: a Narrative Review

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Abstract

Brain photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy using red to near-infrared (NIR) light is an innovative treatment for a wide range of neurological and psychological conditions. Red/NIR light is able to stimulate complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (cytochrome c oxidase) and increase ATP synthesis. Moreover, light absorption by ion channels results in release of Ca2+ and leads to activation of transcription factors and gene expression. Brain PBM therapy enhances the metabolic capacity of neurons and stimulates anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant responses, as well as neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Its therapeutic role in disorders such as dementia and Parkinson’s disease, as well as to treat stroke, brain trauma, and depression has gained increasing interest. In the transcranial PBM approach, delivering a sufficient dose to achieve optimal stimulation is challenging due to exponential attenuation of light penetration in tissue. Alternative approaches such as intracranial and intranasal light delivery methods have been suggested to overcome this limitation. This article reviews the state-of-the-art preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of brain PBM therapy.

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Acknowledgments

Michael R Hamblin was supported by US NIH grants R01AI050875 and R21AI121700, Air Force Office of Scientific Research grant FA9550-13-1-0068, US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity grant W81XWH-09-1-0514, and US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command grant W81XWH-13-2-0067.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Farzad Salehpour, Javad Mahmoudi, Farzin Kamari & Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad

  2. Department of Medical Physics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Farzad Salehpour & Seyed Hossein Rasta

  3. Department of Medical Bioengineering, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Seyed Hossein Rasta

  4. School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Seyed Hossein Rasta

  5. Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA

    Michael R Hamblin

  6. Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Michael R Hamblin

  7. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA

    Michael R Hamblin

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  1. Farzad Salehpour
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  2. Javad Mahmoudi
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Salehpour, F., Mahmoudi, J., Kamari, F. et al. Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: a Narrative Review. Mol Neurobiol 55, 6601–6636 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0852-4

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