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Identification of a Bipolar Disorder Vulnerable Gene CHDH at 3p21.1

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Abstract

Genome-wide analysis (GWA) is an effective strategy to discover extreme effects surpassing genome-wide significant levels in studying complex disorders; however, when sample size is limited, the true effects may fail to achieve genome-wide significance. In such case, there may be authentic results among the pools of nominal candidates, and an alternative approach is to consider nominal candidates but are replicable across different samples. Here, we found that mRNA expression of the choline dehydrogenase gene (CHDH) was uniformly upregulated in the brains of bipolar disorder (BPD) patients compared with healthy controls across different studies. Follow-up genetic analyses of CHDH variants in multiple independent clinical datasets (including 11,564 cases and 17,686 controls) identified a risk SNP rs9836592 showing consistent associations with BPD (P meta = 5.72 × 10−4), and the risk allele indicated an increased CHDH expression in multiple neuronal tissues (lowest P = 6.70 × 10−16). These converging results may identify a nominal but true BPD susceptibility gene CHDH. Further exploratory analysis revealed suggestive associations of rs9836592 with childhood intelligence (P = 0.044) and educational attainment (P = 0.0039), a “proxy phenotype” of general cognitive abilities. Intriguingly, the CHDH gene is located at chromosome 3p21.1, a risk region implicated in previous BPD genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but CHDH is lying outside of the core GWAS linkage disequilibrium (LD) region, and our studied SNP rs9836592 is ∼1.2 Mb 3′ downstream of the previous GWAS loci (e.g., rs2251219) with no LD between them; thus, the association observed here is unlikely a reflection of previous GWAS signals. In summary, our results imply that CHDH may play a previously unknown role in the etiology of BPD and also highlight the informative value of integrating gene expression and genetic code in advancing our understanding of its biological basis.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the efforts of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group for their contributions to this study. We are grateful to Andrew Willden (Kunming Institute of Zoology) for language editing of the manuscript. This work was supported by CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program (to M.L.). This work was also supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Integrated Genome Research Network (IG) MooDS (Systematic Investigation of the Molecular Causes of Major Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia; grant 01GS08144 to SC and MMN and grant 01GS08147 to MR), under the auspices of the National Genome Research Network plus (NGFNplus), and through the Integrated Network IntegraMent (Integrated Understanding of Causes and Mechanisms in Mental Disorders), under the auspices of the e:Med Programme (grant 01ZX1314A to SC and MMN and grant 01ZX1314G to MR). MMN is a member of the DFG-funded Excellence-Cluster ImmunoSensation. The Romanian sample recruitment and genotyping was funded by UEFISCDI, Bucharest, Romania, grant no. 89/2012 to M.G.S., and by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), MooDS Project, grant no. 01GS08144 to S.C. and M.M.N. Funding for the Swedish collection was provided by the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, from a grant from Stanley Medical Research Institute. We also wish to thank the BBMRI.se and KI Biobank at Karolinska Institutet for the professional biobank service.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

      Hong Chang, Lingyi Li, Tao Peng, Xiao Xiao & Ming Li

    2. Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

      Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu

    3. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

      Sarah E. Bergen, Mikael Landén & Christina M. Hultman

    4. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA

      Sarah E. Bergen

    5. Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden

      Mikael Landén

    6. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

      Andreas J. Forstner, Julian Hecker, Sven Cichon & Markus M. Nöthen

    7. Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

      Andreas J. Forstner, Sven Cichon & Markus M. Nöthen

    8. Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

      Jana Strohmaier & Marcella Rietschel

    9. Institute of Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

      Julian Hecker

    10. Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

      Thomas G. Schulze

    11. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

      Bertram Müller-Myhsok

    12. Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany

      Bertram Müller-Myhsok

    13. Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

      Bertram Müller-Myhsok

    14. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

      Andreas Reif

    15. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

      Philip B. Mitchell

    16. Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia

      Philip B. Mitchell

    17. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

      Nicholas G. Martin

    18. Division of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

      Sven Cichon

    19. Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Structural and Functional Organization of the Brain, Genomic Imaging, Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany

      Sven Cichon

    20. Inserm U 955, IMRB, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France

      Stéphane Jamain, Marion Leboyer, Frank Bellivier, Bruno Etain & Chantal Henry

    21. Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France

      Stéphane Jamain, Marion Leboyer, Bruno Etain & Chantal Henry

    22. Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France

      Stéphane Jamain, Marion Leboyer, Frank Bellivier, Bruno Etain, Jean-Pierre Kahn & Chantal Henry

    23. AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France

      Marion Leboyer, Frank Bellivier, Bruno Etain & Chantal Henry

    24. AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière - F. Widal, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Paris, France

      Frank Bellivier

    25. Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France

      Frank Bellivier

    26. Département de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Clinique, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital Jeanne d’Arc, Toul, France

      Jean-Pierre Kahn

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    1. Hong Chang
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    3. Tao Peng
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    The Swedish Bipolar Study Group

    • Lena Backlund
    • , Louise Frisén
    • , Catharina Lavebratt
    • , Martin Schalling
    •  & Urban Ösby

    MooDS Consortium

    • Thomas W. Mühleisen
    • , Markus Leber
    • , Franziska Degenhardt
    • , Jens Treutlein
    • , Manuel Mattheisen
    • , Andrea Hofmann
    • , René Breuer
    • , Sandra Meier
    • , Stefan Herms
    • , Per Hoffmann
    • , André Lacour
    • , Stephanie H. Witt
    • , Fabian Streit
    • , Susanne Lucae
    • , Wolfgang Maier
    • , Markus Schwarz
    • , Helmut Vedder
    • , Jutta Kammerer-Ciernioch
    • , Andrea Pfennig
    • , Michael Bauer
    • , Martin Hautzinger
    • , Adam Wright
    • , Janice M. Fullerton
    • , Peter R. Schofield
    • , Grant W. Montgomery
    • , Sarah E. Medland
    • , Scott D. Gordon
    • , Tim Becker
    • , Johannes Schumacher
    •  & Peter Propping

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    Correspondence to Xiao Xiao or Ming Li.

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    Hong Chang, Lingyi Li and Tao Peng contributed equally to this work.

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    Chang, H., Li, L., Peng, T. et al. Identification of a Bipolar Disorder Vulnerable Gene CHDH at 3p21.1. Mol Neurobiol 54, 5166–5176 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-016-0041-x

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