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Molecular Biotechnology

, Volume 41, Issue 3, pp 286–295 | Cite as

What is (Still not) Known of the Mechanism by Which Electroporation Mediates Gene Transfer and Expression in Cells and Tissues

  • Jean-Michel Escoffre
  • Thomas Portet
  • Luc Wasungu
  • Justin Teissié
  • David Dean
  • Marie-Pierre Rols
Review
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Cell membranes can be transiently permeabilized under application of electric pulses. This treatment allows hydrophilic therapeutic molecules, such as anticancer drugs and DNA, to enter into cells and tissues. This process, called electropermeabilization or electroporation, has been rapidly developed over the last decade to deliver genes to tissues and organs, but there is a general agreement that very little is known about what is really occurring during membrane electropermeabilization. It is well accepted that the entry of small molecules, such as anticancer drugs, occurs mostly through simple diffusion after the pulse while the entry of macromolecules, such as DNA, occurs through a multistep mechanism involving the electrophoretically driven interaction of the DNA molecule with the destabilized membrane during the pulse and then its passage across the membrane. Therefore, successful DNA electrotransfer into cells depends not only on cell permeabilization but also on the way plasmid DNA interacts with the plasma membrane and, once into the cytoplasm, migrates towards the nucleus. The focus of this review is to describe the different aspects of what is known of the mechanism of membrane permeabilization and associated gene transfer and, by doing so, what are the actual limits of the DNA delivery into cells.

Keywords

Gene transfer Gene expression Membrane Electric field Electroporation Electropermeabilization 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

Many thanks are due to the financial supports from the CNRS, the French ANR PCV programme, the Association Française sur les Myopathies, the Region Midi Pyrénées and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale.

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Copyright information

© Humana Press 2008

Authors and Affiliations

  • Jean-Michel Escoffre
    • 1
    • 2
  • Thomas Portet
    • 1
    • 2
    • 3
  • Luc Wasungu
    • 1
    • 2
  • Justin Teissié
    • 1
    • 2
  • David Dean
    • 3
  • Marie-Pierre Rols
    • 1
    • 2
  1. 1.CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale)ToulouseFrance
  2. 2.Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBSToulouseFrance
  3. 3.Laboratoire de Physique Théorique - CNRS UMR 5152, IRSAMCUniversité Paul SabatierToulouse cedex 4France

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