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Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Trace Metals Via Bushmeat in Ghana

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Abstract

Consumption and trade in bushmeat are entrenched in sub-Saharan Africa amid growing land degradation and environmental pollution that raise safety concerns, yet sustainability of bushmeat extraction and zoonoses considerations have been the focus of bushmeat research. Here, we evaluated the health risk of trace metals in the skeletal muscle, bone, liver, and skin of the black duiker (Cephalophus niger), brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus), and Maxwell’s duiker (Cephalophus maxwelli) being the five most hunted and consumed species of bushmeat in Ghana. Sample tissues of the five species were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Se, Cd, As, Pb, and Hg. Targeted hazard quotient (THQ) of Se for black duiker, bushback, and Maxwell’s duiker as well as that of Pb for black duiker, Brush-tailed porcupine, and Maxwell’s duiker were concerning (> 1) for individuals foraging daily on bushmeat. Thus, cane rat was the only species that recorded both estimated daily intake (EDI) and THQ of Se and Pb within safe limits for daily consumption. In respect of Cu, Zn, Cd, As, and Hg, EDI and THQ values indicated no perceived risk to consumers for all five species. Lifetime cancer risk (CR) of As was negligible for all species. At the rate of bushmeat consumption in sub-Saharan Africa (0.104 kg per day), the cane rat was the only species considered safe for daily consumption among the five species.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge with gratitude the support of Messrs. Nash and Crabbe of the Chemistry Department, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission. We are grateful to Ms. Anna Arthur-Yartel, Messrs. Emmanuel Ayisi, David Martei, Emmanuel Osei Mensah, and Mr. Richard Obeng Kyeremeh for their support in diverse ways.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana

    Francis Gbogbo, Jacinta E. Rainhill & Erasmus H. Owusu

  2. Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana

    Samuel S. Koranteng

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana

    Winfred-Peck Dorleku

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  1. Francis Gbogbo
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  2. Jacinta E. Rainhill
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  4. Erasmus H. Owusu
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Correspondence to Francis Gbogbo.

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Gbogbo, F., Rainhill, J.E., Koranteng, S.S. et al. Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Trace Metals Via Bushmeat in Ghana. Biol Trace Elem Res 196, 419–429 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01953-7

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