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Biological Trace Element Research

, Volume 188, Issue 1, pp 196–207 | Cite as

Iodine Nutrition During Pregnancy: Past, Present, and Future

  • Wei Zhao
  • Xinyu Li
  • Xinghai Xia
  • Zhengnan GaoEmail author
  • Cheng HanEmail author
Article
First Online:
  • 179 Downloads

Abstract

Iodine is a trace element that is important for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. During pregnancy, iodine requirements are increased by approximately 50% because of physiological changes. Adequate iodine status in pregnancy is crucial for maternal health and fetal growth. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a daily intake of 250 μg iodine for pregnant women to maintain adequate iodine status. Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in a series of detrimental effects on maternal and fetal health including hypothyroidism, goiter, stillbirth, abortion, increased neonatal mortality, neurological damage, and intellectual impairment. Correction of severe iodine deficiency can reduce the risk of adverse impacts. However, the influences of mild-to-moderate maternal iodine deficiency on fetal neural development and cognitive function are less clear. The safety and efficacy of iodine supplementation in mildly-to-moderately iodine-deficient women also remain uncertain. In addition, excess iodine during pregnancy carries a risk of adverse effects, and the recommended safe upper limits of iodine intake are controversial. Effective iodine supplementation should be implemented, and routine monitoring is necessary to guarantee adequate iodine status.

Keywords

Iodine Iodine deficiency disorder Pregnancy Thyroid 
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Notes

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of EndocrinologyDalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianPeople’s Republic of China
  2. 2.Department of Cellular and Molecular PhysiologyPennsylvania State University, College of MedicineHersheyUSA
  3. 3.Department of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUSA

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