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Investigating the effect of temporal variation on fouling settlement using a rapid assay method

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Abstract

Biological fouling in the tropical marine environment is ubiquitous and occurs all year round. However, the fouling composition and settlement rates may differ, particularly due to hydrological factors. This may present many challenges in evaluating field performance of antifouling coatings. For short duration field testing, i.e., rapid field assessment, it may be difficult to reconcile differences in field activity for novel antifouling assays carried out at different immersion periods in a year, especially when there is little knowledge of temporal variation in fouling settlement. To understand how fouling settlement may vary over different periods, this study used a rapid field assessment method to examine fouling settlement on four types of control coatings at five different immersion periods over a year. Results suggested that antifouling assessment of coatings, using short duration assays (2–4 weeks), can be carried out all year round without being confounded by temporal variation. This study demonstrates, for practitioners, the significance of gaining insights on the effect of temporal variation in fouling settlement within a tropical marine environment in Singapore.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the National Research Foundation for support of research at the St. John’s Island National Marine Laboratory. LCS and ST acknowledge the US office for Naval Research Coatings program and colleagues for valuable advice contributing to the study. The authors also wish to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their comments on the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. St John’s Island National Marine Laboratory, c/o Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119227, Singapore

    Chin Sing Lim, Mei Lin Neo & Serena Lay Ming Teo

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore

    Siti Zarina Zainul Rahim

  3. BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany

    Rute da Conceicao Tavares Andre

Authors
  1. Chin Sing Lim
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  2. Mei Lin Neo
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  3. Siti Zarina Zainul Rahim
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  4. Rute da Conceicao Tavares Andre
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  5. Serena Lay Ming Teo
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chin Sing Lim.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Figure 1. Abbreviation of fouling taxonomic categories. (TIFF 1300 kb)

11998_2018_153_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary Figure 2. Temperature and salinity profile at test site from August 2014 to February 2015. Data recorded by HOBO data logger. (TIFF 1283 kb)

Supplementary Figure 3. PERMANOVA analysis for community differences in immersion periods (month). (TIFF 1492 kb)

11998_2018_153_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Supplementary Figure 4. Composition of fouling settlement by taxonomic categories (supplementary Figure 1) in A) 2 weeks and B) 4 weeks. (TIFF 1682 kb)

Supplementary Figure 5. PERMANOVA analysis for community differences in immersion duration (age). (TIFF 1847 kb)

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Lim, C.S., Neo, M.L., Zainul Rahim, S.Z. et al. Investigating the effect of temporal variation on fouling settlement using a rapid assay method. J Coat Technol Res 16, 761–769 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-018-00153-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-018-00153-7

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