Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Mind–Body Therapies in Integrative Oncology

  • Integrative Oncology
  • Published:
Current Treatment Options in Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Opinion statement

There is growing interest in mind–body therapies as adjuncts to mainstream cancer treatment, and an increasing number of patients turn to these interventions for the control of emotional stress associated with cancer. Increased research funding has enabled many such interventions to be evaluated for their efficacy, including studies of mind–body interventions to reduce pain, anxiety, insomnia, anticipatory, and treatment-related nauseas, hot flashes, and improved mood. Mind–body treatments evaluated for their utility in oncology include relaxation therapies, biofeedback, meditation and hypnosis, yoga, art and music therapy, tai chi, and qigong. Although studies are not always methodologically sound and results mixed, a growing number of well-designed studies provide convincing evidence that mind–body techniques are beneficial adjuncts to cancer treatment. The evidence is sufficient to recommend further investigation and adoption of these techniques in mainstream oncology care.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as • Of importance, •• Of major importance

  1. Eliott J, Kealey B, Oliver M: Complementary and alternative medicine: the perceptions of palliative patients with cancer. J Palliat Med 2008, 11:58–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Cassileth BR: Unorthodox cancer medicine. CA Cancer Clin 1988, 38:176–186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Tovey P: Contingent legitimacy: UK alternative practitioners and inter-sectoral acceptance. Soc Sci Med 1997, 45:1129–1133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lee RT, Hlubocky FJ, Hu JJ, Stafford RS, Daugherty CK: An integrative pilot study of oncology physicians’ opinions and practices on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Integr Cancer Ther 2008, 7:70–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Astin J: Why Patients use alternative medicine: results of a national study. JAMA 1998, 77:1026–1034.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, et al.: Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1900–1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 1998, 280:1569–1575.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, NCCAM website. Accessed on 10/25/10 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/

  8. Elkins G, Marcus J, Rajab H, Durgam S: Complementary and alternative therapy use by psychotherapy clients. Psychother: Theory Res Pract Train 2005, 2:32–36.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kwekkeboom K, Cherwin CH, Lee JW, Wanta B: Mind-body treatments for the pain-fatigue sleep disturbance symptom cluster in persons with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2010, 39:126–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. McCaffery M, Pasero C: Clinical Manual2nd. St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby; 1999:

    Google Scholar 

  11. Jacobsen E: Progressive Relaxation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1929:

    Google Scholar 

  12. Benson H, Beary JF, Carol MP: The relaxation response. Psychiatry 1974, 37:37–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Snyder M, Lindquist R: Complementary/Alternative Therapies in Nursing3rd. New York: Springer Publishing, 1998:

    Google Scholar 

  14. Breitbart W, Gibson CA: Psychiatric aspects of cancer pain management. Prim Psychiatry 2007, 14:81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Anderson KO, Cohen MZ, Mendoz TR, et al.: Brief cognitive-behavioral audiotape interventions for cancer related pain. Cancer 2006, 107:207–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Domar AD, Noe JM, Benson H: The preoperative use of relaxation response with ambulatory surgery patients. Hosp Top 1987, 65(4):30–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Decker TW, Cline-Elsen J, Gallagher M: Relaxation therapy as an adjunct in radiation oncology. J Clin Psychol 1992, 48:388–393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Cannici J, Malcolm R, Peek LA: Treatment of insomnia in cancer patients using muscle relaxation training. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1983, 14:251–256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Website, as accessed on October 25, 2010, at http://www.aapb.org/

  20. Tsai PS, Chen PL, Lai YL, Lee MB, Lin CC: Effects of electromyography biofeedback-assisted relaxation on pain in patients with advanced cancer in a palliative care unit. Cancer Nurs 2007, 30:347–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Burish TG, Jenkins RA: Effectiveness of biofeedback and relaxation training in reducing the side-effects of cancer-chemotherapy. Health Psychol 1992, 11:17–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Stewart JH: Hypnosis in contemporary medicine. Mayo Clin Proc 2005, 80:511–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Society of Clinical Hypnosis Web Site. Available at www.asch.net. Accessed on October 21, 2008

  24. Elkins G, Marcus J, Stearns V, et al.: Randomized trial of a hypnosis intervention for treatment of hot flashes among breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:5022–5026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seminal study of hypnosis for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors.

  1. Mott F, Chakmijan C, Marcus J: The multidisciplinary management of pain and palliative care in cancer patients: a review. Cancer Ther 2004, 2:365–374.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Elkins G, Jenson M, Patterson D: Hypnotherapy for the management of chronic pain. J Clin Exp Hypn 2007, 55:275–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Elkins G, Cheung A, Marcos J, Palamara L, Rajab H: Hypnosis to reduce pain in cancer survivors with advanced disease: a prospective study. J Cancer Integr Med 2004, 2:77–82.

    Google Scholar 

  4. NIH Technology Assessment Panel on Integration of Behavioral and Relaxation Approaches into the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Insomnia: Integration of behavioral and relaxation approaches into the treatment of chronic pain and insomnia. JAMA 1996, 276:313–318

    Google Scholar 

  5. Zeltzer LK, Dolgin MJ, Lebaron S, et al.: A randomized controlled-study of behavioral intervention for chemotherapy distress in children with cancer. Pediatrics 1991, 88:34–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Jacknow DS, Tschann JM, Link MP, Boyce WT: Hypnosis in the prevention of chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in children: a prospective study. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1994, 15:258–264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Syrjala KL, Cummings C, Donaldson GW: Hypnosis or cognitive behavioral training for the reduction of pain and nausea during cancer treatment: a controlled clinical trial. Pain 1992, 48:137–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Excellent paper on mind-body treatment for cancer-related symptomology.

  1. Spiegel D, Bloom J, Yalom I: Group support for patients with metastatic breast cancer: a randomized prospective outcome study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983, 38:527–533.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Liossi C, Hatria P: Clinical hypnosis in the alleviation of procedure-related pain in pediatric oncology patients. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2003, 51:4–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Montgomery GH, Hallquist MN, Schnur JB, et al.: Mediators of a brief hypnosis intervention to control side effects in breast surgery patients: Response expectancies and emotional distress. J Consult Clin Psychol 2010, 78:80–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Smith KB, Pukall CF: An evidence-based review of Yoga as a complementary intervention for patients with cancer. Psycho-Oncology 2009, 18:465–475.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Santorelli SF, Kabat-Zinn J (eds.): Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Professional Training: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Curriculum Guide and Supporting Materials. Worcester, MA: University of Massachusetts Medical School, 2007:

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kabat-Zinn J: Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain and Illness. New York: Delacourt,1990:

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lengacher CA, Johnson-Malled V, Post-White J, et al.: Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for survivors of breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology 2009, 18:1261–1272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Carlson L, Speca M, Faris P, Patel K: One year pre-post intervention follow-up of psychological, immune, endocrine and blood pressure outcomes of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Brain Behav Immun 2007, 21:1038–1049.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Mackenzie M, Carlson L, Munoz M, Speca M: A qualitative study of self-perceived effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in a psychosocial oncology setting. Stress Health 2007, 23:59–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Speca M, Carlson L, Goody E, Angen M: Randomized wait-list controlled clinical trial: the effects of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on mood and symptoms of stress in cancer patients. Psychosom Med 2000, 62:613–622.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Excellent paper on mindfulness-based stress reduction for use in oncology.

  1. Carlson L, Speca M, Patel KD, Faris P: One year pre-post intervention follow-up of psychological, immune, endocrine and blood pressure outcomes of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Brain Behav Immun 2007, 21:1038–1049.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ledesma D, Kumano H: Mindfulness-based stress reduction and cancer: a meta-analysis. Psycho-Oncology 2009, 18:571–579.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H: Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: a meta analysis. J Psychosom Res 2004, 57:35–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Foley E, Baillie A, Huxter M, Price M, Sinclair E: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for individuals whose lives have been affected by cancer: A randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2010, 78:72–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Cohen L, Warneke C, Fouladi RT, et al.: Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma. Cancer 2004, 10:2253–2260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Moadel AB, Shah C, Wylie-Rosett J, et al.: Randomized controlled trial of yoga among multiethical sample of breast cancer patients: effects on quality of life. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:4387–4395.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Banerjee B, Vadiraj HS, Ram A, Rao M, et al.: Effects of an integrated yoga program in modulating psychological stress and radiation-induced genotoxic stress in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Integr Cancer 2007, 6:242–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Danhauer SC, Tooze JA, Farmer DF, et al.: Restorative yoga for women with ovarian or breast cancer: findings from a pilot study. J Soc Integr Oncol 2008, 6:47–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Danhauer SC, Mihalko SL, Russell GB, Campbell CR, Felder L, Daley K, Levine EA: Restorative yoga for women with breast cancer: findings from a randomized pilot study. Psycho-Oncology 2009, 18:360–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Cohen B, Kanaya AM, Macer JL, Shen H, Chang AA, Grady D: Feasibility and acceptability of restorative yoga for treatment of hot flushes: a pilot trial. Maturitas 2007, 56:198–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Speed-Andrews AE, Stevinson C, Belanger LJ, Mirus JJ, Courneya KS: Pilot evaluation of an Iyengar Yoga program for breast cancer survivors. Cancer Nurs 2010, 33:369–381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Blank S, Kittel J, Haberman MR: Active practice of Iyengar Yoga as an intervention for breast cancer survivors. Int J Yoga Ther 2005, 15:51–59.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Duncan MD, Leis A, Taylor-Brown JW: Impact and outcomes of an Iyengar Yoga program in a cancer centre. Curr Oncol 2008, 15:51–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Brown RP, Gerbarg PL: Sudarshan kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part I. Neurophysiologic model. J Altern Compliment Med 2005, 11:189–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Brown RP, Gerbarg PL: Sudarshan kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part II. Clinical applications and guidelines. J Altern Compliment Med 2005, 11:711–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kochupillai V, Kumar AP, Singh BD: Effect of rhythmic breathing (sudarshan kriya and pranayam) on immune functions and tobacco addition. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005, 1056:242–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Uebelacker LA, Tremond G, Epstein-Lubow G, Gaudino BA, Gillette T, et al.: Open trial of Vinyasa Yoga for persistently depressed individuals: Evidence of feasibility and acceptability. Behav Modif 2010, 34:247–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Carson JW, Carson KM, Porter LS, Keefe FJ, Seewaldt VL: Yoga of Awareness program for menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors: results from a randomized trial. Support Care Cancer 2009, 17:1301–1309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Carson JW, Carson KM, Porter LS, Keefe FJ, Shaw H, Miller JM: Yoga for women with metastatic breast cancer: results from a pilot study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007, 33:331–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Mustain KM, Palesh O, Sprod L, et al.: Effect of YOCAS yoga on sleep, fatigue, and quality of life: a URCC CCOP randomized, controlled clinical trial among 410 cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:15s

    Google Scholar 

First large-scale, multi-site, controlled study of Yoga.

  1. American Art Therapy Association Web Site. Available at: http://www.arttherapy.org. Accessed October, 2010

  2. Stanton AL, Danoff-Burg S, Cameron C, et al.: Emotionally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment in breast cancer. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000, 68:875–882.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Monfi DA, Suffian M, Peterson C: Potential role of mind-body therapies in cancer survivorship. Cancer Suppl 2008, 112:2607–2616

    Google Scholar 

  4. American Music Therapy Association Web Site. Available at: http://www.musictherapy.org/. Accessed October, 2010.

  5. Cassileth BR, Vickers AJ, Magill LA: Music therapy for mood disturbance during hospitalization for autologous stem-cell transplantation: a randomized control trail. Cancer 2003, 98:2723–2729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Pelletire CL: The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: a meta analysis. J Music Ther 2004, 41:192–214.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cholburi JSN, Hanucharurnkul S, Waikakul W: Effects of music therapy on anxiety and pain in cancer patients. Thai J Nurse Res 2004, 8:173–181

    Google Scholar 

  8. Qigong Research and Practice Center Web Site. Available at: http://www.qigonghealing.com/qigong/whatis.html. Accessed October, 2010.

  9. Wu WH, Bandilla E, Ciccone DS, et al.: Effect of Qigong on late-stage complex regional pain syndrome. Altern Ther Health Med 1999, 5:45–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chen K, Wyung R: Exploratory studies of Qigong therapy for cancer in China. Intergr Cancer Ther 2002, 1:345–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Jones BM: Changes in cytokine production in healthy subjects practicing Guolin qigong: a pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2001, 1:8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Jones AY, Dean E, Scudds RJ: Effectiveness of al community-based tai chi program and implications for public initiatives. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 86:619–625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Woo J, Hong A, Lau E, Lynn H: A randomized controlled trial of Tai Chi and resistance exercise on bone health, muscle strength and balance in community-living elderly people. Age Aging 2007, 36:262–26867.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lee MS, Pittler MH, Ernst E: Is Tai Chi an effective adjunct in cancer care? A systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Support Care Cancer 2007, 15:597–601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mustian KM, Katula JA, Zhao H: A pilot study to assess the influence of tai chi chuan on functional capacity among breast cancer survivors. J Support Oncol 2006, 4:139–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mustian KM, Katula JA, Gill DL, Roscoe JA, Lang D, Murphy K: Tai chi chuan, health-related quality of life and self-esteem: a randomized trial with breast cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2004, 12:871–876.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Galantino ML, Capito L, Kane RL, Ottey N, Swizer S, Packel L: The effects of Tai Chi and walking on fatigue and body mass index in women living with breast cancer: a pilot study. Rehabil Oncol 2003, 21:17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Peppone LJ, Mustian KM, Janelsins MC, et al.: Effects of a structured weight-bearing exercise program on bone metabolism among breast cancer survivors: A feasibility trial. Clin Breast Cancer 2010, 10:224–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This study was supported in part by NCCAM grant 5U01AT004634 to Dr. Gary Elkins.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gary Elkins PhD, ABPP.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Elkins, G., Fisher, W. & Johnson, A. Mind–Body Therapies in Integrative Oncology. Curr. Treat. Options in Oncol. 11, 128–140 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-010-0129-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-010-0129-x

Keywords

Navigation