Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development and application of some renovated technologies for municipal wastewater treatment in China

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

China has been experiencing fast economic development in recent decades at the cost of serious environmental deterioration. Wastewater discharge, especially municipal wastewater discharge, and non-point pollution sources are becoming the major water pollution source and research focus. Great efforts have been made on water pollution control and a number of renovated technologies and processes for municipal wastewater treatment and reclamation as well as non-point pollution control have been developed and applied in China. This paper discusses the development and application of the appropriate technologies, including natural treatment systems, anaerobic biological treatment, biofilm reactors and wastewater reclamation technologies, for water pollution control in the country.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gao C M, Li X F, Wang S T, et al. Handbook for Land Application System of Municipal Wastewater. Beijing: China Standard Press, 1991 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Li X W, Qian Y, Nie M S, et al. Handbook for Stabilization Pond System of Municipal Wastewater. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 1990 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sun T H, Li X F, Song Y F, et al. Natural Systems for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2006 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cui L H, Zhu X Z, Li G X, et al. Artificial soil rapid infiltration systems for treating municipal wastewater in the west of Beijing. China Environmental Science, 2000, 20(1): 45–48 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. He J T, Zhong Z S, Tang M G, et al. Experimental research of constructed rapid infiltration wastewater treating system. China Environmental Science, 2002, 22(3): 239–243 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Li G X, Li L F, Tang G F. Sewage treatment by rapid soil infiltration and related effects on grass. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2003, 54: 50–51

    Google Scholar 

  7. Zhou Q X, Zhang Q R, Sun T H. Technical innovation of land treatment systems for municipal wastewater in Northeast China. Pedosphere, 2006, 16(3): 297–303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ou Z Q, Sun T H, Li P J, et al. A production-scale ecological engineering forest system for the treatment and reutilization of municipal wastewater in the Inner Mongolia, China. Ecological Engineer, 1997, 9(1–2): 71–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wang H Q, Chen J J, Tian K M. Experimental analysis of a nitrogen removal process simulation of wastewater land treatment under three different wheat planting densities. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 2002, 14(3): 317–324

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang J, Huang X, Liu C X, et al. Pilot study on subsurface wastewater infiltration system applied in rural sewage treatment. Environmental Science, 2002, 23(6): 57–61 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Zhang J, Huang X, Shao C F, et al. Influence of packing media on nitrogen removal in a subsurface infiltration system. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 2004, 16(1): 153–156

    Google Scholar 

  12. Yin H, Shen W R. Using reed beds for winter operation of wetland treatment system for wastewater. Water Science and Technology, 1995, 32(3): 111–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yang Y, Xu Z C, Hu K P, et al. Removal efficiency of the constructed wetland wastewater treatment system at Bainikeng, Shenzhen. Water Science and Technology, 1995, 32(3): 31–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhou Q X, Dai L M, Bell R W. An integrated plan for town-enterprise wastewater reuse and wetland strategy: A case study. Desalination, 1996, 106(1–3): 439–442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wong Y S, Tam N F Y, Lan C Y. Mangrove wetlands as wastewater treatment facility: A field trial. Hydrobiologia, 1997, 352: 49–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Yin H, Shen W R. Using reed beds for winter operation of wetland treatment system for wastewater. Water Science and Technology, 1995, 32(3): 111–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Li X F, Chuncai J. Constructed wetland systems for water pollution control in North China. Water Science and Technology, 1995, 32(3): 349–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Liu C X, Hu H Y, Zhang J, et al. Use of new type constructed wetland for treatment of low strength rural sewage. China Water & Wastewater, 2002, 18(7): 1–4 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Liu C X, Hu H Y, Zhang J, et al. Comparison between the free water and subsurface flow type constructed wetlands for rural sewage treatment. China Water & Wastewater, 2002, 18(11): 5–8 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ji G D, Sun T, Zhou Q X, et al. Constructed subsurface flow wetland for treating heavy oil-produced water of the Liaohe Oilfield in China. Ecological Engineer, 2002, 18(4): 459–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang R S, Zhou Q, Zhang J, et al. Study on nitrogen removal treating agriculture wastewater in subsurface constructed wetland. Environmental Science, 2003, 24(1): 113–116 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Li X D, Zhang X, Xue Y, et al. Nitrogen removal in a pilot-scale zeolite reed bed system. Environmental Science, 2003, 24(5): 158–160 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Shi L, Wang B Z, Cao X D. Performance of a subsurface-flow constructed wetland in Southern China. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 2004, 16(3): 476–481

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhao W Y, Wu Z B, Zhou Q H, et al. Removal of dibutyl phthalate by a staged vertical-flow constructed wetland. Wetlands, 2004, 24(1): 202–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Yue C L, Chang J, Ge Y, et al. Treatment efficiency of domestic wastewater by vertical/ reverse-vertical flow constructed wetlands. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2004, 13(6): 505–507

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chang J, Yue C L, Ge Y, et al. Treatment of polluted creek water by multifunctional constructed wetland in China’s subtropical region. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2004, 13(6): 545–549

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yu Y H, Feng W S, Shen Y F, et al. Use of microbial community to evaluate performance of a wetland system in treating Pb/Zn mine drainage. Environmental Management, 2005, 36(6): 842–848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Song Z W, Zheng Z P, Li J, et al. Seasonal and annual performance of a full-scale constructed wetland system for sewage treatment in China. Ecological Engineering, 2006, 26(3): 272–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. He L S, Liu H L, Xi B D, et al. Enhancing treatment efficiency of swine wastewater by effluent recirculation in vertical-flow constructed wetland. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 2006, 18(2): 221–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Yang B, Lan C Y, Yang C S, et al. Long-term efficiency and stability of wetlands for treating wastewater of a lead/zinc mine and the concurrent ecosystem development. Environmental Pollution, 2006, 143(3): 499–512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Deng H, Ye Z H, Wong M H. Lead and zinc accumulation and tolerance in populations of six wetland plants. Environmental Pollution, 2006, 141(1): 69–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Xu Z X, Li H Z, Wang S, et al. Domestic wastewater treatment in avertical downward flow wetland system in Chongming Tourism Development Area. Water & Wastewater, 2006, 32(6): 35–39 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wen X H, Qian Y, Gu X S. Graphical presentation of the transformation of some nutrients in a waste-water stabilization pond system. Water Research, 1994, 28(7): 1659–1665

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dai S G, Rao X, Wang J X, et al. Removal of priority organic pollutants in stabilization ponds. Water Research, 1994, 28(3): 681–685

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Li X W. Technical economic-analysis of stabilization ponds. Water Science and Technology, 1995, 31(12): 103–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Wang B Z, Dong W Y, Zhang J L. Experimental study of high rate pond system treating piggery wastewater. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(11): 125–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhao Q L, Wang B Z. Evaluation on a pilot-scale attached-growth pond system treating domestic wastewater. Water Research, 1996, 30(1): 242–245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Yan W J, Yin C Q, Tang H X. Nutrient retention by multipond systems: Mechanisms for the control of nonpoint source pollution. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1998, 27(5): 1009–1017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Qi P S, Wang B Z, Zhao F M, et al. Study on stabilization ponds with short residence time in cold areas. China Water & Wastewater, 2000, 16(10): 6–9 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Huang Y Y, Zhao Z X, Xu M Q, et al. Biological approaches for disposing and reusing chemical wastewater. Ecological Engineering, 2000, 16(2): 281–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Lu S Y, Zhang P Y, Yu G, et al. Stabilization pond-plant bed composite system treatment of farmland irrigation and drainage water. China Environmental Science, 2004, 24(5): 605–609 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wang B, Qi P, Wang L, et al. Performance of an intensive pond system treating municipal wastewater in a cold region. Water Science and Technology, 2005, 51(12): 51–60

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Chen G, Huang X F, An L, et al. Pilot-scale research on high rate algal pond for rural domestic sewage treatment at area around Taihu Lake. Water & Wastewater, 2006, 32(2): 37–40 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Chen P, Zhou Q, Paing J, et al. Nutrient removal by the integrated use of high rate algal ponds and macrophyte systems in China. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 48(2): 251–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Chen D Q, Wu Z B, Cheng S P, et al. Comparison on the combination system of different constructed wetland processes for wastewater treatment. China Water & Wastewater, 2003, 19(9): 12–15 (in Chinese).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Liu Z X, Qi P S, Ding L, et al. Air-flotation/oxidation ditch/stabilization pond process for treatment of flax retting wastewater. China Water & Wastewater, 2004, 20(9): 73–74 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Wang X, Bai X, Qiu J, et al. Municipal wastewater treatment with pond—constructed wetland system: A case study. Water Science and Technology, 2005, 51(12): 325–329

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wang L, Peng J, Wang B, et al. Performance of a combined eco-system of ponds and constructed wetlands for wastewater reclamation and reuse. Water Science and Technology, 2005, 51(12): 315–323

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. He L S, Liu H L, Xi B D, et al. Enhancing treatment efficiency of swine wastewater by effluent recirculation in vertical-flow constructed wetland. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 2006, 18(2): 221–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Cui L H, Liu W, Zhu X Z, et al. Performance of hybrid constructed wetland systems for treating septic tank effluent. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 2006, 18(4): 665–669

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Wu Z B, Wu X H, Fu G P, et al. Comparison of algal removal efficiencies in different ecological treatment systems and their combinations. Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 241–245 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Chang J, Yue C L, Ge Y, et al. Treatment of polluted creek water by multifunctional constructed wetland in China’s subtropical region. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2004, 13(6): 545–549

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Chu W K, Wong M H, Zhang J, et al. Accumulation, distribution and transformation of DDT and PCBs by phragmites australis and oryza sativa L: I. Whole plant study. Environmental Geochemistry and health, 2006 28(1–2): 159–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Chu W K, Wong M H, Zhang J, et al. Accumulation, distribution and transformation of DDT and PCBs by phragmites australis and oryza sativa L: II. Enzyme study. Environmental Geochemistry and health, 2006, 28(1–2): 169–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Shou G G, Cao X D, Mu R L. Introduction of Shenzhen Shatian constructed wetland wastewater treatment plant. Water & Wastewater, 2003, 29(8): 30–31 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Zhang J, Huang X, Wei J, et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal mechanism in subsurface wastewater infiltration system. China Environmental Science, 2002, 22(5): 438–441 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Liu C X, Hu H Y, Zhang J, et al. Rural sewage treatment performance of constructed wetlands with different depths. Environmental Science, 2003, 24(5): 92–96 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Liu C X, Dong C H, Li F M, et al. Study on ability of nitrification in a subsurface constructed wetland system treating sewage. Environmental Science, 2003, 24(1): 80–83 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Zhang R S, Li G H, Zhou Q, et al. Relationships between loading rates and nitrogen removal effectiveness in subsurface constructed wetlands. Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 253–256 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  60. He F, Wu Z B, Tao J, et al. Nitrification and denitrification in the integrated vertical flow constructed wetlands. Environmental Science, 2005, 26(1): 47–50 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Peng J F, Wang B Z, Nan J, et al. Transferring and attribution model of phosphorus in the multi-stage eco-ponds/wetlands system sediment. China Environmental Science, 2004, 24(6): 712–716 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Cao R, Wang B Z, Peng J F. The mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in Dongying eco-ponds. China Environmental Science, 2005, 25(1): 88–91 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Fu Q, Yin C Q, Shan B Q. Phosphorus sorption capacities in a headstream landscape—The pond chain structure. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 2006, 18(5): 1004–1011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Xu D F, Xu J M, Wu J J, et al. Studies on the phosphorus sorption capacity of substrates used in constructed wetland systems. Chemosphere, 2006, 63(2): 344–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Zhang J. Study on domestic wastewater treatment by subsurface infiltration system. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2003 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Liu C X. Study on the measures for improving constructed wetlands’ performance in treating domestic wastewater. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2003 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Ray D. Natural Systems for Water Pollution Control. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  68. Ma J, Liu B, Zhang X J. Application of hybrid-hydrolysis and biofilter in treating municipal wastewater of towns. Water and Wastewater Engineering, 2004, 30(3): 19–21 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Wang Z H. Schoolyard domestic sewage treatment using anaerobic-aerobic biological reactor. Journal of Nanyang Normal University, 2005, 5(9): 44–46

    Google Scholar 

  70. Wang Z H, Pang J Z, Yang Z Z. Study on integrative installation and volumetric loading bearing in schoolyard domestic sewage treatment. Journal of Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 2004, 19(3): 8–10 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Han S J. New-type integrated bio-manure cesspools. China Water & Wastewater: 2002, 18(8), 39 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Han S J. The integrated bio-manure cesspools are substituted for the state standardization manure cesspools. China Environmental Protection Industry, 2002, 3(8): 33–35 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Liu H Y. Application of anaerobic digester in treating urban domestic sewage in Wenzhou City. Energy Engineering, 1999, 3: 24–25

    Google Scholar 

  74. Chen X Y, Xie H X, Wang K G. Small-sized non-sludge-discharged sewage treatment and reuse system. Environmental Science, 1995, 16(4): 49–51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Xie Y H, Dong R J, Wang Y L. A survey of anaerobic digestion applications in small towns’ wastewater treatment. Renewable Energy, 2005, 4: 71–74 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Xu Q X, Zhang W D, Song H C, et al. Effect analysis and the treatment of domestic wastewater on biogas fermentation. Energy Engineering, 2003, 3: 35–37 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Deng L W, Tang Y, Huang P W. Treatment of wastewater of public toilet by anaerobic digester. Rural Energy, 2001, 3: 25–27

    Google Scholar 

  78. Wang C R, Wang B Z, Wang L. The simultaneous nitrification and denitrification characteristics of two-stage biological aerated filter. China Environmental Science, 2005, 25(1): 70–74 (in Chinese)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Zhang H J, Long T Y, He Q, Cao Y X. Study on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in lateral flow biological aerated filter. China Water & Wastewater, 2006, 22(9): 34–37 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ye Z L, Xiong X J, Lu M. Study on nitrification behavior of aerated biofilter with oyster shell carrer. China Water & Wastewater, 2006, 22(3): 1–4 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Guo Y, Chen L J, Wen D H. Study on nitrite nitrogen accumulation in zeolite biological aerated filter. China Water & Wastewater, 2006, 22(9): 73–77 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Zhang H, Long T R, Yan Z C, He Q. New biological aerated filter for municipal wastewater treatment. China Water & Wastewater, 2005, 21(4): 40–42 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  83. He Q, Xu J B, Zhai J. Research on characteristics of integrated biological aerated filter for municipal wastewater treatment. Journal of Chongqing Jianzhu University, 2005, 27(3): 72–75 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Long T R, Pang Y. Use of variable-rate hybrid biofilter for treatment of secondary effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plant. China Environmental Science, 2002, 18(8): 1–4 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Zhao L J, Wang H J, Liu J L. Comment and analysis on two-step bio-contact oxidation process in municipal wastewater treatment. China Water & Wastewater, 2002, 18(12): 28–30 (in Chinese).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Ai H Y, Wang Q H, Xie W M, Li X S. Development and application of biological package media used in contact oxidation tank. Water & Wastewater, 2005, 31(2): 88–92 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  87. Jiao W T, Feng X D, Li L. Characterization of wastewater treatment using extemal circulating three-phase bio-fluidized bed. Environmental Pollutant and Control. 2005, 27(3): 186–189 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Wang K J. Study on the new-type, high-efficient wastewater treatment technology. Water & Wastewater, 2005, 31(2): 32–35 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  89. Zhou P, He J H, Qian Y. Biofilm airlift suspension reactor treatment of domestic wastewater, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2003, 144: 81–100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Zhang W Y, Yuan L J, Peng D C, Wang Z Y. Research on the biological nitrification characteristics of DIBFBR. J. of Xi’an Univ. of Arch & Tech, 2000, 32(2): 172–174

    Google Scholar 

  91. Zhang Y K, Shi H C, Jiang J J. Pilot study on aerobic-anoxic high efficient separation and biological fluidized composite reactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Modern Chemical Industry, 2004, 24(12): 41–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Zhang Y K. Studies on high efficient separation and biological fluidized composite reactor. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2004 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Chu J Y, Chen J N, Wang C, Fu P. Wastewater reuse potential analysis: Implications for China’s water resources management. Water Research, 2004, 38: 2746–2756

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Gan Y P. The current status of wastewater reclamation and reuses in Beijing. Urban Management & Technology, 2004, 5(4): 160–161 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  95. Xing C H, Tardieu E, Qian Y, Wen X H. Ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor for urban wastewater reclamation. J. of Membrane Science, 2000, 177: 73–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Liu R, Huang X, Chen L J, Wen X H, Qian Y. Operational performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor for reclamation of bath wastewater. Process Biochemistry, 2005, 40(1): 125–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Yu K, Wen X H, Bu Q J, Huang X. Critical flux enhancements with air sparing in axial hollow fibers cross-flow microfiltration of biologically treated wastewater. J. Membrane Science, 2003, 224: 69–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Liu R, Huang X, Sun Y F, Qian Y. Hydrodynamic effect on sludge accumulation over membrane surfaces in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2003, 39(2): 157–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Wu J L, Chen F T, Huang X, Geng W Y, Wen X H. Using inorganic coagulants to control membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Desalination, 2006, 197: 124–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Cote P, Siverns S, Monti S. Comparison of membrane-based solutions for water reclamation and desalination. Desalination, 2005, 182: 251–257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Chen Q S, Hu W L. The current status and development of reclaimed water uses in Tianjin. Tianjin Jianshe Keji, 2004, 1: 39–41 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  102. Li J, Li F Y, Guan D Y, et al. Wastewater reclamation project with a dual membrane system in Tianjin Economy Developing Area. China Water & Wastewater, 2003, 19(11): 96–97 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Cui F Y, Ren G. Pilot study of process of bathing wastewater treatment for reuse. In: Proceedings of the International Water Association Conference 2005, Xi’. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2005, 87–92

    Google Scholar 

  104. Fan Z H, Chen F T, Chen X T, et al. Microfiltration/reverse osmosis process for advanced treatment of secondary effluent from wastewater treatment plant. China Water & Wastewater, 2005, 21(6): 44–46 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Qian Yi, Wen Xianghua & Huang Xia

Authors
  1. Qian Yi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wen Xianghua
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Huang Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qian Yi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Qian, Y., Wen, X. & Huang, X. Development and application of some renovated technologies for municipal wastewater treatment in China. Front.Environ.Sci.Eng.China 1, 1–12 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-007-0001-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-007-0001-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation