Brain Imaging and Behavior

, Volume 12, Issue 1, pp 96–108 | Cite as

Effects of social adversity and HIV on subcortical shape and neurocognitive function

  • April D. Thames
  • Taylor P. Kuhn
  • Zanjbeel Mahmood
  • Robert M. Bilder
  • Timothy J. Williamson
  • Elyse J. Singer
  • Alyssa Arentoft
Original Research
First Online:

Abstract

The purpose of the current study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of social adversity (SA) and HIV infection on subcortical shape alterations and cognitive functions. Participants included HIV+ (n = 70) and HIV- (n = 23) individuals who underwent MRI, neurocognitive and clinical assessment, in addition to completing questionnaires from which responses were used to create an SA score. Bilateral amygdalae and hippocampi were extracted from T1-weighted images. Parametric statistical analyses were used to compare the radial distance of the structure surface to a median curve to determine the presence of localized shape differences as a function of HIV, SA and their interaction. Next, multiple regression was used to examine the interactive association between HIV and SA with cognitive performance data. An HIV*SA interactive effect was found on the shape of the right amygdala and left hippocampus. Specifically, HIV-infected participants (but not HIV-uninfected controls) who evidenced higher levels of SA displayed an inward deformation of the surface consistent with reduced volume of these structures. We found interactive effects of HIV and SA on learning/memory performance. These results suggest that HIV+ individuals may be more vulnerable to neurological and cognitive changes in the hippocampus and amygdala as a function of SA than HIV- individuals, and that SA indicators of childhood SES and perceived racial discrimination are important components of adversity that are associated with cognitive performance.

Keywords

Human immunodeficiency virus Hippocampus Amygdala Adversity Structural neuroimaging Cognition 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank William Cunningham, M.D., M.P.H. and Ronald Hays, Ph.D. for their helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript.

We would like to acknowledge the following funding sources:

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) K23 MH095661 (PI: A. Thames)

Dr. Kuhn is supported through a National Institute of Mental Health T32 Postdoctoral Fellowship (Kuhn, MH 19535).

Mr. Williamson is supported through a National Institute of Mental Health Predoctoral Fellowship (Williamson, MH 15750)

Compliance with ethical standards

This study was funded by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) K23 MH095661 (PI: A. Thames)

Conflict of interest

Dr. April Thames declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Dr. Taylor Kuhn declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ms. Zanjbeel Mahmood declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Dr. Robert Bilder declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Mr. Timothy Williamson declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Dr. Elyse Singer declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Dr. Alyssa Arentoft declares no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All procedures were approved by UCLA Institutional Review Board.

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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  • April D. Thames
    • 1
  • Taylor P. Kuhn
    • 1
    • 2
  • Zanjbeel Mahmood
    • 1
    • 3
  • Robert M. Bilder
    • 1
    • 3
  • Timothy J. Williamson
    • 3
  • Elyse J. Singer
    • 1
  • Alyssa Arentoft
    • 4
  1. 1.David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesUSA
  2. 2.Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare SystemLos AngelesUSA
  3. 3.Department of PsychologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesUSA
  4. 4.California State University NorthridgeNorthridgeUSA

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