Journal of Thermal Spray Technology

, Volume 26, Issue 7, pp 1509–1516 | Cite as

The Effect of Submicron Second-Phase Particles on the Rate of Grain Refinement in a Copper-Oxygen Alloy During Cold Spray

  • Yinyin Zhang
  • Nicolas Brodusch
  • Sylvie Descartes
  • J. Michael Shockley
  • Raynald Gauvin
  • Richard R. Chromik
Peer Reviewed
First Online:
Received:
Revised:

Abstract

The effect of non-deformable submicron second-phase particles (d = 200-500 nm) on microstructural refinement during cold spray was examined. Using single particle impact testing, two types of splats were fabricated using two different feedstocks: a Cu-0.21wt.%O powder containing Cu2O second-phase particles and a single-phase Cu. Microstructural evolution analysis using high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction shows grain refinement occurred at a higher rate in the Cu-0.21wt.%O powder. That was due to dynamic recrystallization initiated by particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN). High-strain-rate deformation of cold spray was found to be the key to activate PSN. The present study suggests cold spray is a possible technique to fabricate ultrafine-grained materials by using feedstock containing second-phase particles.

Keywords

cold spray high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) second-phase particles 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, Engage Grants Program. We acknowledge helpful discussions with Dr. Jing Su at department of Materials Engineering in McGill University. The authors acknowledge administrative support from Drs. Stephen Yue, Eric Irissou and Jean-Gabriel Legoux and technical support from Mr. Jean Francois Alarie at the McGill Aerospace Materials and Alloy Design Center (MAMADC) cold spray facility.

References

  1. 1.
    D. Goldbaum, R.R. Chromik, N. Brodusch, and R. Gauvin, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti Cold-Spray Splats Determined by Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging and Nanoindentation Mapping, Microsc. Microanal., 2015, 21(3), p 570CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    P. Vo, D. Goldbaum, W. Wong, E. Irissou, J.-G. Legoux, R.R. Chromik, and S. Yue, Cold-Spray Processing of Titanium and Titanium Alloys, Titanium Powder Metallurgy: Science, Technology and Applications, F.H.F. Ma Qian, Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2015, p 405 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    H. Assadi, H. Kreye, F. Gärtner, and T. Klassen, Cold Spraying—A Materials Perspective, Acta Mater., 2016, 116, p 382-407CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    P. King, S. Zahiri, and M. Jahedi, Microstructural Development in Cold Sprayed Copper, in Proc. Int. Thermal Spray Conf., Las Vegas, NV, USA, ASM International (2009), pp. 243-248Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    R.Z. Valiev, Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Metals, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1997, 234-236, p 59-66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    P.J. Apps, M. Berta, and P.B. Prangnell, The Effect of Dispersoids on the Grain Refinement Mechanisms During Deformation of Aluminium Alloys to Ultra-High Strains, Acta Mater., 2005, 53(2), p 499-511CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    P.J. Apps, J.R. Bowen, and P.B. Prangnell, The Effect of Coarse Second-Phase Particles on the Rate of Grain Refinement During Severe Deformation Processing, Acta Mater., 2003, 51(10), p 2811-2822CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Y.S. Li, N.R. Tao, and K. Lu, Microstructural Evolution and Nanostructure Formation in Copper During Dynamic Plastic Deformation at Cryogenic Temperatures, Acta Mater., 2008, 56(2), p 230-241CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    J. Robson, D. Henry, and B. Davis, Particle Effects on Recrystallization in Magnesium–Manganese Alloys: Particle Pinning, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528(12), p 4239-4247CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    J. Robson, D. Henry, and B. Davis, Particle Effects on Recrystallization in Magnesium–Manganese Alloys: Particle-Stimulated Nucleation, Acta Mater., 2009, 57(9), p 2739-2747CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    M. Cahoreau and F.J. Humphreys, The Rotation of Particles During the Deformation of a Two-Phase Copper Alloy, Acta Metall., 1984, 32(9), p 1365-1370CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    F.J. Humphreys, Local Lattice Rotations at Second Phase Particles in Deformed Metals, Acta Metall., 1979, 27(12), p 1801-1814CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    F.J. Humphreys and M.G. Ardakani, Grain Boundary Migration and Zener Pinning in Particle-Containing Copper Crystals, Acta Mater., 1996, 44(7), p 2717-2727CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    F.J. Humphreys and P.N. Kalu, The Plasticity of Particle-Containing Polycrystals, Acta Metall. Mater., 1990, 38(6), p 917-930CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    J. Hesse and A. Compaan, Resonance Raman studies of annealing in He-Na-, Cd-Implanted Cuprous Oxide, J. Appl. Phys., 1979, 50(1), p 206-213CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    N. Brodusch, H. Demers, and R. Gauvin, Ionic Liquid Used for Charge Compensation for High-Resolution Imaging and Analysis in the FE-SEM, Microsc. Microanal., 2014, 20(S3), p 38-39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    N. Brodusch, K. Waters, H. Demers, and R. Gauvin, Ionic Liquid-Based Observation Technique for Nonconductive Materials in the Scanning Electron Microscope: Application to the Characterization of a Rare Earth Ore, Microsc. Res. Tech., 2014, 77(3), p 225-235CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    H. Assadi, F. Gärtner, T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye, Bonding Mechanism in Cold Gas Spraying, Acta Mater., 2003, 51(15), p 4379-4394CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    M. Meyers, J. LaSalvia, V. Nesterenko, Y. Chen, B. Kad, and T. McNelley, Recrystallization and Related Phenomena, in Proc Rex, ed. by T. McNelley (1997), pp 279-286Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Y. Zou, W. Qin, E. Irissou, J.-G. Legoux, S. Yue, and J.A. Szpunar, Dynamic Recrystallization in the Particle/Particle Interfacial Region of Cold-Sprayed Nickel Coating: Electron Backscatter Diffraction Characterization, Scripta Mater., 2009, 61(9), p 899-902CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    M.H. Lewis and J.W. Martin, Yielding and Work-Hardening in Internally Oxidised Copper Alloys, Acta Metall., 1963, 11(11), p 1207-1214CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    P. Follansbee and U. Kocks, A Constitutive Description of the Deformation of Copper Based on the Use of the Mechanical Threshold Stress as an Internal State Variable, Acta Metall., 1988, 36(1), p 81-93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    U. Andrade, M.A. Meyers, K.S. Vecchio, and A.H. Chokshi, Dynamic Recrystallization in High-Strain, High-Strain-Rate Plastic Deformation of Copper, Acta Metall. Mater., 1994, 42(9), p 3183-3195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    C. Borchers, F. Gärtner, T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye, Microstructural Bonding Features of Cold Sprayed Face Centered Cubic Metals, J. Appl. Phys., 2004, 96(8), p 4288-4292CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Y. Zhang, N. Brodusch, S. Descartes, R.R. Chromik, and R. Gauvin, Microstructure Refinement of Cold-Sprayed Copper Investigated by Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging, Microsc. Microanal., 2014, 20(05), p 1499-1506CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    C. Borchers, F. Gärtner, T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye, Formation of Persistent Dislocation Loops by Ultra-High Strain-Rate Deformation During Cold Spraying, Acta Mater., 2005, 53(10), p 2991-3000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    A. Rollett, F. Humphreys, G.S. Rohrer, and M. Hatherly, Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    L. Brown, Transition From Laminar to Rotational Motion in Plasticity, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 1997, 355(1731), p 1979-1990CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© ASM International 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  • Yinyin Zhang
    • 1
  • Nicolas Brodusch
    • 1
  • Sylvie Descartes
    • 2
  • J. Michael Shockley
    • 1
    • 3
  • Raynald Gauvin
    • 1
  • Richard R. Chromik
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of Mining and Materials EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
  2. 2.Université de Lyon, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, LaMCoS, UMR5259VilleurbanneFrance
  3. 3.Chemistry DivisionUS Naval Research LabWashingtonUSA

Personalised recommendations