Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A

, Volume 42, Issue 1, pp 121–137 | Cite as

An Electron Microscopy Investigation of the Transient Stage Oxidation Products in an Fe-22Cr Alloy with Ce and La Additions Exposed to Dry Air at 1073 K (800 °C)

  • Jingxi Zhu
  • Laura M. Fernández Díaz
  • Gordon R. Holcomb
  • Paul D. Jablonski
  • Christopher J. Cowen
  • David E. Alman
  • David E. Laughlin
  • Seetharaman Sridhar
Article
First Online:

Abstract

In this study, the effects of Ce (270 ppm) and La (120 ppm) mischmetal additions on the transient oxidation of an Fe-22Cr alloy were investigated. The oxidation process was imaged in situ using a confocal scanning laser microscope. The oxidation microstructures were studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy with the help of focused ion beam in situ lift-out specimen preparation. The Ce and La, referred to as reactive elements, were found in nonmetallic inclusion particles in the forms of oxides, sulfides, and phosphates. An affected zone formed around rare earth (RE)-containing inclusion particles at the alloy free surface during the transient oxidation. This zone consisted of an internal Cr-oxide formed beneath the particle as well as a thinner external oxide scale on the surface compared with the surroundings. The relation of this microstructure to oxidation kinetics is discussed. With time, the RE elements diffused into the scale from the RE particles on the alloy surface during the high-temperature exposure. A diffusion mechanism is presented to describe these observations.

Keywords

Rare Earth Oxide Scale Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Ferritic Stainless Steel Inclusion Particle 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Notes

Acknowledgments

This technical effort was performed in support of the NETL’s ongoing research in the study of the effects of rear earth elements on the high-temperature oxidation of stainless steels under the RES contract DE-FE0004000. The authors would like to acknowledge the excellent technical support on electron microscopy of Tom Nuhfer.

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Copyright information

© The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2010

Authors and Affiliations

  • Jingxi Zhu
    • 1
    • 2
  • Laura M. Fernández Díaz
    • 1
    • 2
    • 3
  • Gordon R. Holcomb
    • 4
  • Paul D. Jablonski
    • 4
  • Christopher J. Cowen
    • 4
  • David E. Alman
    • 5
  • David E. Laughlin
    • 1
  • Seetharaman Sridhar
    • 1
    • 2
  1. 1.Department of Materials Sciences and EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUSA
  2. 2.National Energy Technology LaboratoryPittsburghUSA
  3. 3.Physics InstituteNational University of MexicoMéxico CityUSA
  4. 4.National Energy Technology LaboratoryAlbanyUSA
  5. 5.Materials Performance Division, Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Energy Technology LaboratoryAlbanyUSA

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