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Academic Autonomy Beyond the Nation-State

The Social Sciences and Humanities in the European Research Council

Akademische Autonomie jenseits des Nationalstaats

Die Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften im Europäischen Forschungsrat

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Abstract

The social sciences and humanities (SSH) traditionally have a close relationship to the nation-state and there are substantial disciplinary differences across countries. Drawing on Bourdieu’s theory of the academic field, the present article examines how academic autonomy and heteronomy are applied as discursive strategies as the SSH compete for funding in the transnational European arena established by the European Research Council (ERC). To this end, we analyze mission statements of ERC Starting Grant projects in the SSH, using a mixed methods approach of statistical text analysis (topic modeling) and qualitative content analysis. Although the ERC puts the SSH under the constraints of academic capitalism, the classical humanities secure a strong position by signaling academic autonomy and engaging in the construction and consecration of European culture. However, economics and other social sciences gravitate toward a more heteronomous self-representation, emphasizing the political and social utility of their research, while disciplines like neuro-science and psychology exhibit self-representations closely related to the “hard sciences”—and relatively alien to the SSH.

Zusammenfassung

Die Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften (SSH) stehen traditionell in enger Beziehung zum Nationalstaat, und im Ländervergleich bestehen erhebliche disziplinäre Unterschiede. Ausgehend von Bourdieus Theorie des akademischen Feldes untersucht der vorliegende Aufsatz, wie Signale akademischer Autonomie und Heteronomie als diskursive Strategien im durch den ERC etablierten transnationalen Wettbewerb um Forschungsgelder eingesetzt werden. Hierzu analysieren wir die mission statements von ERC-Starting-Grant-Projekten in den SSH mithilfe einer Kombination qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse und statistischer Textanalyse (topic modeling). Obwohl das im ERC vorherrschende Paradigma des akademischen Kapitalismus die Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften unter Druck setzt, gelingt es insbesondere den klassischen Geisteswissenschaften durch ihre Mitarbeit an der Konstruktion und Konsekration einer europäischen Kultur eine starke Position zu besetzen. Die Ökonomie und andere Sozialwissenschaften tendieren demgegenüber zu einer heteronomen Selbstdarstellung und betonen den politischen und gesellschaftlichen Nutzen ihrer Forschung, während Disziplinen wie die Neuro-Wissenschaft und Psychologie eine an die „hard sciences“ angelehnte, für die SSH recht ungewöhnliche Selbstdarstellung an den Tag legen.

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Notes

  1. Other ways in which a certain “Europeanness” has been promoted in academic fields include the establishment of the European University Institute in Florence, Jean-Monnet-chairs (cf. Calligaro 2013, pp. 15–77) and the European Central Bank (Mudge and Vauchez 2016), amongst others.

  2. One of these requirements is to situate the research project in the ERC’s structure of evaluation panels. The ERC’s peer review process operates with a nested structure of panels, each covering a number of academic disciplines and sub-disciplines. The top-level category “SSH” is made up of six sub-categories of panels which relate to broad disciplinary groups in the social sciences and humanities, e. g. “The Study of the Human Past”, “The Human Mind and Its Complexity” or “Individuals, Institutions and Markets”. Each of these is in turn subdivided into eleven to fourteen more specific sub-categories, e. g. “Macroeconomics”, “International trade” and “Banking, corporate finance, accounting” in the aforementioned panel “Individuals, Institutions and Markets”. Of course, this structure of thematic review panels influences the way in which the research summaries are written, and might also have a bearing on the prevalence and clustering of research topics. In the context of academic autonomy discussed here, it would be interesting to see how closely funded projects adhere to the formal structures of the ERC’s application procedure and whether specific projects or disciplines differ in this regard. Unfortunately, our data does not allow us to compare the panel structure to the statistically constructed research topics in a systematic manner. Nevertheless, our more inductive approach enables us to identify traces of these structural contexts as well as differentials of strategic compliance in the project summaries.

  3. http://cordis.europa.eu.

  4. For example, the ERC Work Programme “encourages proposals of an interdisciplinary nature which cross the boundaries between different fields of research, pioneering proposals addressing new and emerging fields of research or proposals introducing unconventional, innovative approaches and scientific inventions.” (ERC 2015, p. 8) In our context, it is interesting to see how projects in different regions of the topic space respond to this demand with different self-representation strategies.

  5. The data on nation-state references were obtained by screening the project summaries for mentions of six states which together receive 69.8% of all the ERC Starting Grants in our data set: UK, Germany, France, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands. These states are simultaneously the largest in Europe.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank both anonymous reviewers as well as Stephanie Beyer for their thorough reading and helpful comments.

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Baier, C., Gengnagel, V. Academic Autonomy Beyond the Nation-State. Österreich Z Soziol 43 (Suppl 1), 65–92 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11614-018-0297-7

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