Abstract
Time-resolved imaging of the propagation and interference of isolated ultrashort surface plasmon polariton wave packets is demonstrated using two photon photoemission microscopy. The group- and phase velocity of individual wave packets are determined experimentally. Using two counter-propagating surface plasmon polariton pulses, the transient formation of a standing surface plasmon polariton wave is imaged in time and space. We demonstrate that using a normal incidence geometry in time-resolved photoemission microscopy provides great advantages for in-situ imaging of surface plasmon polaritons in arbitrary plasmonic structures. A simple 1D wave-simulation is used to confirm the experimental results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ozbay E (2006) Plasmonics: merging photonics and electronics at nanoscale dimensions. Science 311 (5758):189–193
Atwater HA (2007) The Promise of Plasmonics. Sci Am 296:56–62
Barnes WL, Dereux A, Ebbesen TW (2003) Surface plasmon subwavelength optics. Nature 424:824–830
Specht M, Pedarnig JD, Heckl WM, Hansch TW (1992) Scanning Plasmon near-Field Microscope. Phys Rev Lett 68:476–479
Drezet A, Hohenau A, Koller D, Stepanov A, Ditlbacher H, Steinberger B, Aussenegg F, Leitner A, Krenn J (2008) Leakage radiation microscopy of surface plasmon polaritons. Mater Sci Eng B-Adv 149:220–229
Sandtke M, Engelen R, Schoenmaker H, Attema I, Dekker H, Cerjak I, Korterik J, Segerink F, Kuipers L (2008) Novel instrument for surface plasmon polariton tracking in space and time. Rev Sci Instrum 79:013704
Gorodetski Y, Chervy T, Wang S, Hutchinson J, Drezet A, Genet C, Ebbesen TW (2016) Tracking surface plasmon pulses using ultrafast leakage imaging. Optica 3(1):48–53
Schmidt O, Bauer M, Wiemann C, Porath R, Scharte M, Andreyev O, Schönhense G, Aeschlimann M (2002) Time-Resolved Two Photon Photoemission Electron Microscopy. Appl Phys B 74:223–227
Cinchetti M, Gloskovskii A, Nepjiko S A, Schönhense G, Rochholz H, Kreiter M (2005) Photoemission Electron Microscopy as a Tool for the Investigation of Optical Near Fields. Phys Rev Lett 95:047601
Chelaru L I, Horn-von Hoegen M, Thien D, Meyer zu Heringdorf FJ (2006) Fringe fields in nonlinear photoemission microscopy. Phys. Rev. B 73:115416
Kubo A, Pontius N, Petek H (2007) Femtosecond Microscopy of Surface Plasmon Polariton Wave Packet Evolution at the Silver/Vacuum Interface. Nano Lett 7:470
Chelaru L, Meyer zu Heringdorf F J (2007) In situ Monitoring of Surface Plasmons in Single-Crystalline Ag Nanowires. Surf. Sci. 601:4541
Buckanie N, Kirschbaum P, Sindermann S, zu Heringdorf MF-J (2013) Interaction of Light and Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Ag Islands Studied by Nonlinear Photoemission Microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 130:49–53
Creath K, Wyant J (1992) Moiré and Fringe Projection Techniques in Optical Shop Testing. Wiley Chichester, United Kingdom
Meyer zu Heringdorf F J, Chelaru L, Möllenbeck S, Thien D, Horn von Hoegen M (2007) Femtosecond Photoemission Electron Microscopy. Surf Sci 601:4700–4705
Lemke C, Schneider C, Leiner T, Bayer D, Radke J W, Fischer A, Melchior P, Evlyukhin A B, Chichkov B N, Reinhardt C, Bauer M, Aeschlimann M (2013) Spatiotemporal Characterization of SPP Pulse Propagation in Two-Dimensional Plasmonic Focusing Devices. Nano Lett 13:1053–1058
Gong Y, Joly A G, Hu D, El-Khoury P Z, Hess W P (2015) Ultrafast Imaging of Surface Plasmons Propagating on a Gold Surface. Nano Lett 15:3472–3478
Lemke C, Leißner T, Jauernik S, Klick A, Fiutowski J, Kjelstrup-Hansen J, Rubahn HG, Bauer M (2012) Mapping Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation via Counter-Propagating Light Pulses. Optics Express 20:12877–12884
Lemke C, Leißner T., Evlyukhin A, Radke JW, Klick A, Fiutowski J., Kjelstrup-Hansen J, Rubahn HG, Chichkov BN, Reinhardt C, Bauer M (2014) The Interplay between Localized and Propagating Plasmonic Excitations Tracked in Space and Time. Nano Lett 14:2431–2435
Kahl P, Wall S, Witt C, Schneider C, Bayer D, Fischer A, Melchior P, Horn-von Hoegen M, Aeschlimann F J (2014) Normal-Incidence Photoemission Electron Microscopy (NI-PEEM) for Imaging Surface Plasmon Polaritons. Plasmonics 9:1401–1407
Meyer zu Heringdorf F J, Kahl P, Makris A, Sindermann S, Podbiel D, Horn-von Hoegen M (2015) Signatures of Plasmoemission in Two Photon Photoemission Electron Microscopy. Proc SPIE 9361:93610W
Wehner M U, Ulm M, Wegener M (1997) Scanning Interferometer Stabilized by use of Pancharatnam’s Phase. Opt Lett 22:1455–1457
Podbiel D, Kahl P, Meyer zu Heringdorf F J (2016) Analysis of the contrast in normal-incidence surface plasmon photoemission microscopy in a pump-probe experiment with adjustable polarization. Appl Phys B 122:90
Johnson P B, Christy R W (1972) Optical Constants of the Noble Metals. Phys Rev B 6:4370–4379
Olmon R, Slovick B, Johnson T, Shelton D, Oh S H, Boreman GRMB (2012) Optical dielectric function of gold. Phys Rev B 86:235147
Maier SA (2007) Plasmonics, Springer
Pitarke J M, Silkin V M, Chulkov E V, Echenique P M (2007) Theory of surface plasmons and surface-plasmon polaritons. Rep Prog Phys 70:1–87
Zhang L, Kubo A, Wang L, Petek H, Seideman T (2013) Universal aspects of ultrafast optical pulse scattering by a nanoscale asperity. J Phys Chem C 117:18648–18652
Kaiser T, Falkner M, Qi J, Klein A, Steinert M, Menzel C, Rockstuhl C, Pertsch T Characterization of a Circular Optical Nanoantenna by Nonlinear Photoemission Electron Microscopy
Radha B, Arif M, Datta R, Kundu T K, Kulkarni G U (2010) Movable Au Microplates as Fluorescence Enhancing Substrates for Live Cells. Nano Res 3:738– 747
Schmidt T, Heun S, Slezak J, Diaz K, Prince J, Lilienkamp G, Bauer E (1998) SPELEEM: Combining LEEM and Spectroscopic Imaging. Surf Rev Lett 5(6):1287
Xu L, Tempea G, Poppe A, Lenzner M, Spielmann C, Krausz F, Stingl A, Ferencz K (1997) High-power sub-10-fs Ti:sapphire oscillators. Appl Phys B 65:151–159
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Harald Giessen and Bettina Frank from the University of Stuttgart for providing us with the high-quality Au platelets. Financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through programs SFB616 and SPP1391 and fruitful discussions within SFB1242 are gratefully acknowledged. DK acknowledges funding from the Irish Research Council and the Marie Curie Actions ELEVATE fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Philip Kahl and Daniel Podbiel contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kahl, P., Podbiel, D., Schneider, C. et al. Direct Observation of Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation and Interference by Time-Resolved Imaging in Normal-Incidence Two Photon Photoemission Microscopy. Plasmonics 13, 239–246 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-017-0504-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-017-0504-6