Abstract
China first in-situ lunar dust experiment is performed by a lunar dust detector in Chang’E-3 mission. The existed dust (less than 20 µm in diameter) properties, such as levitation, transportation and adhesion, are critical constraints for future lunar exploration program and even manned lunar exploration. Based on the problems discussed above, the in-situ lunar dust detector is originally designed to characterize dust deposition properties induced by lander landing as a function of environmental temperature, solar incident angle and orbit short circuit current on the northern Mare Imbrium, aiming to study lunar dust deposition properties induced by lander landing in depth. This paper begins with a brief of introduction of Chang’E-3 lunar dust detector design, followed by a series of experimental analysis of this instrument under different influencing factors, and concludes with lunar dust mass density deposition amount observed on the first lunar day is about 0.83 mg/cm2, which is less than that observed in Apollo 11 mission because the landing site of Chang’E-3 has the youngest mare basalts comparing with previous Apollo and lunar landing sites. The young geologic environment is less weathered and thus it has thinner layer of lunar dust than Apollo missions’; hence, the amount of kicked-up lunar dust in Chang’E-3 mission is less than that in Apollo 11 mission.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
O’Brien B J. Review of measurements of dust movements on the Moon during Apollo. Planet Space Sci, 2011, 59: 1708–1726
Wang X, Schwan J, Hsu H W, et al. Dust charging and transport on airless planetary bodies. Geophys Res Lett, 2016, 43: 6103–6110
Hou X, Fu H, Yang X, et al. Study on charging mechanism model of lunar dust for technology of particle removal from detector. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA). Harbin: IEEE, 2016. 1513–1517
Kuznetsov I A, Zakharov A V, Dolnikov G G, et al. Lunar dust: Properties and investigation techniques. Sol Syst Res, 2017, 51: 611–622
Li L, Zhang Y T, Zhou B, et al. Dust levitation and transport over the surface of the Moon. Sci China Earth Sci, 2016, 59: 2053–2061
Jiang J, Zhao H, Wang L, et al. Analysis of influence factors on dust removal efficiency for novel photovoltaic lunar dust removal technology. Smart Mater Struct, 2017, 26: 125025
Horányi M, Szalay J R, Kempf S, et al. A permanent, asymmetric dust cloud around the Moon. Nature, 2015, 522: 324
O’Brien B. Overview of 14 discoveries 1969–2015 from Apollo measured movements of lunar dust. In: Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. Vienna, 2016, 18. 1685
O’Brien B J, Hollick M. Sunrise-driven movements of dust on the Moon: Apollo 12 Ground-truth measurements. Planet Space Sci, 2015, 119: 194–199
O’Brien B J. Paradigm shifts about dust on the Moon: From Apollo 11 to Chang’e-4. Planet Space Sci, 2018, 156: 47–56
Janches D, Pokorný P, Sarantos M, et al. Constraining the ratio of micrometeoroids from short- and long-period comets at 1 AU from LADEE observations of the lunar dust cloud. Geophys Res Lett, 2018, 45: 1713–1722
Poppe A R, Halekas J S, Szalay J R, et al. LADEE/LDEX observations of lunar pickup ion distribution and variability. Geophys Res Lett, 2016, 43: 3069–3077
Saidan M, Albaali A G, Alasis E, et al. Experimental study on the effect of dust deposition on solar photovoltaic panels in desert environment. Renew Energy, 2016, 92: 499–505
Gholami A, Khazaee I, Eslami S, et al. Experimental investigation of dust deposition effects on photo-voltaic output performance. Sol Energy, 2018, 159: 346–352
Lu H, Zhao W. Effects of particle sizes and tilt angles on dust deposition characteristics of a ground-mounted solar photovoltaic system. Appl Energy, 2018, 220: 514–526
Said S A M, Hassan G, Walwil H M, et al. The effect of environmental factors and dust accumulation on photovoltaic modules and dust-accumulation mitigation strategies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2018, 82: 743–760
Gupta V, Raj P, Yadav A. Investigate the effect of dust deposition on the performance of solar PV module using LABVIEW based data logger. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Power, Control, Signals and Instrumentation Engineering (ICPCSI). Chennai: IEEE, 2017. 742–747
Chikate B V, Sadawarte Y. The factors affecting the performance of solar cell. Int J Comput Appl, 2015, 1: 0975–8887
Yang W C, Lo C, Wei C Y, et al. Cell-temperature determination in InGaP-(In)GaAs-Ge triple-junction solar cells. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2011, 32: 1412–1414
Umachandran N, TamizhMani G S. Effect of spatial temperature uniformity on outdoor photovoltaic module performance characterization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). Portland: IEEE, 2016. 2731–2737
Tang H, Li X, Zhang S, et al. A lunar dust simulant: CLDS-i. Adv Space Res, 2017, 59: 1156–1160
Sun Y, Liu J, Zhang X, et al. Mechanisms involved in inflammatory pulmonary fibrosis induced by lunar dust simulant in rats. Environ Toxicol, 2019, 34: 131–140
O’Brien B J, Hollick M. Sunrise-driven movements of dust on the Moon: Apollo 12 Ground-truth measurements. Planet Space Sci, 2015, 119: 194–199
Ochoa M, Yaccuzzi E, Espinet-González P, et al. 10 MeV proton irradiation effects on GaInP/GaAs/Ge concentrator solar cells and their component subcells. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2017, 159: 576–582
Zhu L, Yoshita M, Nakamura T, et al. Characterization and modeling of radiation damages via internal radiative efficiency in multi-junction solar cells. In: Proceedings of the Physics, Simulation, and Photonic Engineering of Photovoltaic Devices V. International Society for Optics and Photonics. San Francisco, 2016. 9743: 97430U
O’Brien B J. Paradigm shifts about dust on the Moon: From Apollo 11 to Chang’e-4. Planet Space Sci, 2018, 156: 47–56
O’Brien B. Direct active measurements of movements of lunar dust: Rocket exhausts and natural effects contaminating and cleansing Apollo hardware on the Moon in 1969. Geophys Res Lett, 2009, 36: L09201
Xiao L, Zhu P, Fang G, et al. A young multilayered terrane of the northern Mare Imbrium revealed by Chang’E-3 mission. Science, 2015, 347: 1226–1229
Fa W, Zhu M H, Liu T, et al. Regolith stratigraphy at the Chang’E-3 landing site as seen by lunar penetrating radar. Geophys Res Lett, 2015, 42: 10179–10187
Hu B, Wang D, Zhang L, et al. Rock location and quantitative analysis of regolith at the Chang’e 3 landing site based on local similarity constraint. Remote Sens, 2019, 11: 530
Gold T. Lunar-Surface Closeup Stereoscopic Photography. Apollo 14: Preliminary Science Report. NASA SP-272, Washington DC, 1971. 239
Hollick M, O’Brien B J. Lunar weather measurements at three Apollo sites 1969–1976. Space Weather, 2013, 11: 651–660
Zhou H, Li H T, Dong G L. Relative position determination between Chang’E-3 lander and rover using in-beam phase referencing. Sci China Inf Sci, 2015, 58: 1–10
Liu Z Q, Di K C, Peng M, et al. High precision landing site mapping and rover localization for Chang’E-3 mission. Sci China-Phys Mech Astron, 2015, 58: 1–11
Ye P J, Sun Z Z, Zhang H, et al. An overview of the mission and technical characteristics of Chang’E-4 Lunar Probe. Sci China Tech Sci, 2017, 60: 658–667
Ye P J, Sun Z Z, Rao W, et al. Mission overview and key technologies of the first Mars probe of China. Sci China Tech Sci, 2017, 60: 649–657
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
This work was supported by the Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11605080), and the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry for providing the simulant lunar dust.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Chen, L. et al. In-situ lunar dust deposition amount induced by lander landing in Chang’E-3 mission. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 63, 520–527 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-019-1434-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-019-1434-y