Advertisement

Participation and common knowledge in a case study of student blogging

  • Richard Alterman
  • Johann Ari Larusson
Article

Abstract

The interaction between participation and the emergence of common knowledge is the subject matter of this paper. A case study of a single class provides the focal point of analysis. During the semester the students participated in a blogging activity. As a result of their participation, the students create and distribute knowledge. The online efforts of the students can be described as participation in both a discourse and knowledge community. At one level, blogging is an activity composed of writing, reading, and commenting, and at a second level, the students share their thoughts in their own voices. At a third level, over the course of the semester, the student posts and commentary form a commons of information that can be mined later in the semester for other kinds of learning activities. Knowledge creation, distribution, and accumulation are analyzed in terms of student participation at both the level of individual events and from the perspective of an ongoing community.

Keywords

Common knowledge Participation Student blogging 

Notes

Acknowledgements

The first author would like to thank the meta reviewer and other reviewers for their thoughtful and extensive comments on the earlier drafts of this paper.

References

  1. Agre, P., & Chapman, D (1990). What are plans for? Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 6(1), 17–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Alterman, R., & Garland, A (2001). Convention in joint activity. Cognitive Science, 25(4), 611–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Alterman, R., & Larusson, J. (2009). Modeling participation within a community. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1680–1685).Google Scholar
  4. Alterman, R., & Larusson, J. (2010). Collaborative sensemaking in the blogosphere. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.Google Scholar
  5. Alterman, R., & Larusson, J. (2011). Students producing thick descriptions. In Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning.Google Scholar
  6. Althaus, S. (1997). Computer-mediated communication in the university classroom: An experiment with on-line discussions. Communication Education, 46, 158–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Amer, A. (1994). The effect of knowledge-map and underlining training on the reading comprehension of scientific texts. English for Specific Purposes, 13(1), 35–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Andriessen, J. (2006). Arguing to learn. In R. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  9. Baker, M., Hansen, T., Joiner, R., Traum, D. (1999). The role of grounding in collaborative learning tasks. In P. Dillenbourg (Ed.), Collaborative learning: Cognitive and computational approaches (pp. 31–63). Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon.Google Scholar
  10. Barab, S. (2006). Design-based research: A methodological toolkit for the learning scientist. The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (p. 169).Google Scholar
  11. Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. Yale Univ Pr.Google Scholar
  12. Betts, J. D. & Glogoff, S. J. (2004). Instructional models for using weblogs in e-learning: A case study from a virtual and hybrid course. Syllabus 2004 Conference, San Francisco, CA. volume 21.Google Scholar
  13. Beuchot, A., & Bullen, M. (2005). Interaction and interpersonality in online discussion forums. Distance Education, 26(1), 67–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Blom, J.-P., & Gumperz, J. (1986). Social meaning in linguistic structure: Code-switching in Norway. In J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York, NY: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
  15. Blood, R. (2002). The weblog handbook: Practical advice on creating and maintaining your blog. Basic Books.Google Scholar
  16. Brown, A. L. (1981). Metacognition: The development of selective attention strategies for learning from text. In M. L. Kamil (Ed.), Directions in reading: Research and instruction. Thirtieth yearbook of the National Reading Conference (pp. 21-43).Google Scholar
  17. Brown, A. L., Ash, D., Rutherford, M., Nakagawa, K., Gordon, A., Campione, J. C. (1993). Distributed expertise in the classroom. Salomon, G. (Ed.) Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations (pp. 188-228). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  18. Brown, J., & Duguid, P. (2002). The social life of information. Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
  19. Bruckman, A. (1998). Community support for constructionist learning. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 7(1), 47–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Bruner, J. (2002). Making stories: Law, literature, life. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  21. Cameron, D., & Anderson, T. (2006). Comparing weblogs to threaded discussion tools in online educational contexts. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(11), 3–15.Google Scholar
  22. Chi, M., & VanLehn, K. (1991). The content of physics self-explanations. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 1(1), 69–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Clark, H. H. (1996). Using Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Clark, H., & Brennan, S. (1991). Grounding in communication. In Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition (pp. 127–149).Google Scholar
  25. Clark, H., & Marshall, C. (2002). Definite reference and mutual knowledge. In A. Josh, B. Webber, I. Sag (Eds.), Elements of Discourse Understanding (pp. 10–63). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  26. Clark, H., & Schaefer, E. (1989). Contributing to discourse. Cognitive science, 13(2), 259–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Cobb, P., Confrey, J., diSessa, A., Lehrer, R., Schauble, L. (2003). Design experiments in educational research. Educational researcher, 32(1), 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Cole, M., & Engeström, Y. (1993). A cultural-historical approach to distributed cognition. In G. Salomon (Ed.), Distributed Cognitions: Psychological and Educational Considerations. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  29. Collins, A. (2006). Cognitive apprenticeship: The cambridge handbook of the learning sciences, R. Keith Sawyer. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  30. Collins, A., & Brown, J. (1988). The Computer as a Tool for Learning through Reflection. In H. Mandl & A. Lesgold (Eds.), Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 1–18). Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.Google Scholar
  31. Collins, A., Brown, J., Holum, A. (1991). Cognitive apprenticeship: Making thinking visible. American Educator, 15(3), 6–11.Google Scholar
  32. Davi, A., Frydenberg, M., Gulati, G. (2007). Blogging across the disciplines: Integrating technology to enhance liberal learning. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 3(3), 222–232.Google Scholar
  33. Deitering, A., & Huston, S. (2004). Weblogs and the Middle Spacefor Learning. Academic Exchange Quarterly, 8(4), 273–278.Google Scholar
  34. Deng, L., & Yuen, A. (2011). Towards a framework for educational affordances of blogs. Computers and Education, 56(2), 441–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education. New York, NY: The Free Press.Google Scholar
  36. Dillenbourg, P. (1999). What do you mean by collaborative learning? In P. Dillenbourg (Ed.), Collaborative Learning: Cognitive and Computational Approaches. Advances in Learning and Instruction Series (p. 1–19). Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
  37. Du, H., & Wagner, C. (2005). Learning with weblogs: An empirical investigation. In System Sciences, 2005. hicss’05. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 7b–7b).Google Scholar
  38. Duffy, P. (2008). Engaging the YouTube Google-eyed generation: Strategies for using Web 20 in teaching and learning. The Electronic Journal e-Learning Volume 6(2), 119–130.Google Scholar
  39. Ellison, N., & Wu, Y. (2008). Blogging in the classroom: A preliminary exploration of student attitudes and impact on comprehension. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 17(1), 99.Google Scholar
  40. Ferdig, R., & Trammell, K. (2004). Content delivery in the ‘Blogosphere’. The Journal (Technological Horizons In Education), 31(7), 12–16.Google Scholar
  41. Forte, A., & Bruckman, A. (2006). From Wikipedia to the classroom: Exploring online publication and learning. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Sciences (pp. 182–188).Google Scholar
  42. Forte, A., & Bruckman, A. (2007). Constructing text: Wiki as a toolkit for (collaborative?) learning. In Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis (pp. 31–42).Google Scholar
  43. Garfinkel, H. (1994). Studies in ethnomethodology. Polity Press.Google Scholar
  44. Geertz, C. (1973). Thick description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture. In The Interpretation of Culture. Basic Books.Google Scholar
  45. Glogoff, S. (2005). Instructional blogging: Promoting interactivity, student-centered learning, and peer input. Innovate. Journal of Online Education, 1(5).Google Scholar
  46. Guzdial, M., & Turns, J. (2000). Effective discussion through a computer-mediated anchored forum. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 9(4), 437–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Halliday, M. (1978). Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. Hodder Arnold.Google Scholar
  48. Hodkinson, P. (2007). Interactive online journals and individualization. New Media & Society, 9, 625–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the wild. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  50. Hymes, D. (1964). Introduction: Toward Ethnographies of Communication. American Anthropologist, 66(6 PART2), 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Kim, H. (2008). The phenomenon of blogs and theoretical model of blog use in educational contexts. Computers and Education, 51(3), 1342–1352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Koschmann, T. (2002). Dewey’s contribution to the foundations of CSCL research. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning: Foundations for a CSCL Community (pp. 17–22).Google Scholar
  53. Koschmann, T., Kelson, A. C., Feltovich, P. J., Barrows, H. S. (1996). Computer-supported problem-based learning: A principled approach to the use of computers in collaborative learning. In T. E. Koschmann (Ed.), CSCL: Theory and practice of an emerging paradigm (pp. 83–124). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Google Scholar
  54. Lara, C., & Lomicka, L. (2008). Adventures in the blogosphere: From blog readers to blog writers. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 21(1), 9–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Larusson, J. (2010). Supporting the “collaborative” part of wiki-mediated collaborative learning activities. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Brandeis University.Google Scholar
  56. Larusson, J., & Alterman, R. (2007). Tracking online collaborative work as representational practice: Analysis and Tool. In Communities and Technologies 2007: Proceedings of the Third Communities and Technologies Conference, Michigan State University 2007 (pp. 245–264).Google Scholar
  57. Larusson, J., & Alterman, R. (2009). Wikis to support the “collaborative” part of collaborative learning. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 4(4), 371–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Lave, J. (1991). Situating learning in communities of practice. In L. Resnick, J. Levine, S. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  59. Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Lee, B. (2001). Mutual knowledge, background knowledge and shared beliefs: Their roles in establishing common ground. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(1), 21–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Leont’ev, A. (1981). The problem of activity in psychology. In J. Wertsch (Ed.), The Concept of Activity in Soviet Psychology. White Plains, NY: ME Sharpe.Google Scholar
  62. Lewis, D. (1969). Convention. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  63. Miyake, N., & Koschmann, T. (2002). Realizations of cscl conversations: Technology transfer and the csile project. In Cscl (vol. 2, pp. 3–10).Google Scholar
  64. Mortensen, T., & Walker, J. (2002). Blogging thoughts: Personal publication as an online research tool. In A. Morrison (Ed.), Researching ICTs in Context. Oslo, Norway: InterMedia Report.Google Scholar
  65. Nardi, B., Schiano, D., Gumbrecht, M., Swartz, L. (2004). Why we blog. Communications of the ACM, 47(12), 41–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. O’Connor, K. (2001). Contextualization and the negotiation of social identities in a geographically distributed situated learning project. Linguistics and Education, 12(3), 285–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Oravec, J. A. (2002). Bookmarking the World: Weblog applications in education. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 45(7), 616–621.Google Scholar
  68. Papert, S., & Harel, I. (1991). Situating constructionism. In I., Harel, S., Papert (Eds.), Constructionism (pp. 1–11). Ablex Publishing.Google Scholar
  69. Pena-Shaff, J., Altman, W., Stephenson, H. (2005). Asynchronous online discussions as a tool for learning: Students’ attitudes, expectations, and perceptions. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 16(4), 409.Google Scholar
  70. Rafaeli, S., & Sudweeks, F. (1998). Interactivity on the nets. In F., Sudweeks, M., McLaughlin, S., Rafaeli (Eds.), Network and Netplay: Virtual Groups on the Internet (pp. 173-189). MIT Press.Google Scholar
  71. Ryle, G. (1968). The thinking of thoughts: What is ‘Le Penseur’ doing? University Lectures, no. 18.Google Scholar
  72. Ryle, G. (1971). The thinking of thoughts: What is le penseur doing. Collected papers, 2, 480–496.Google Scholar
  73. Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Salmon, G. (2002). Mirror, mirror, on my screen... Exploring online reflections. British Journal of Educational Technology, 33(4), 379–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1991). Higher levels of agency for children in knowledge building: A challenge for the design of new knowledge media. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 1(1), 37–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1994). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(3), 265–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (2006). Knowledge building: Theory, pedagogy, and technology. In R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of the Learning Sciences (pp. 97–118). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  78. Schank, R., & Abelson, R. (1975). Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: an inquiry into human knowledge structures. Philadelphia, PA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
  79. Schegloff, E. A. (1992). Repair after next turn: The last structurally provided defense of intersubjectivity in conversation. American Journal of Sociology, 97(5), 1245–1295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Scheuer, O., Loll, F., Pinkwart, N., McLaren, B. (2010). Computer-supported argumentation: A review of the state of the art. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 5(1), 43–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Schön, D. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner. San Franscisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
  82. Sfard, A. (1998). On two metaphors for learning and the dangers of choosing just one. Educational researcher, 27(2), 4–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Sim, J., & Hew, K. (2010). The use of weblogs in higher education settings: A review of empirical research. Educational Research Review, 5(2), 151–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Stahl, G. (2002). Contributions to a theoretical framework for CSCL. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning: Foundations for a CSCL Community (pp. 62–71).Google Scholar
  85. Stahl, G. (2003). Meaning and interpretation in collaboration. In Designing for Change in Networked Learning Environments: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL’03) (pp. 523–532).Google Scholar
  86. Stahl, G. (2006). Group Cognition. MIT Press.Google Scholar
  87. Stahl, G. (2007). Meaning making in CSCL: Conditions and preconditions for cognitive processes by groups. In Proceedings of the 8th Iternational Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (pp. 652–661).Google Scholar
  88. Stahl, G. (2009). Studying virtual math teams. Springer Verlag.Google Scholar
  89. Stahl, G., Koschmann, T., Suthers, D. (2006). Computer-supported collaborative learning: An historical perspective. In R. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  90. Stahl, G., Zhou, N., Cakir, M. P., Sarmiento-Klapper, J. W. (2011). Seeing what we mean: Co-experiencing a shared virtual world. In International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL 2011) (pp. 534–541). Hong Kong, China: Proceedings.Google Scholar
  91. Stevens, R., O’Connor, K., Garrison, L. (2005). Engineering student identities in the navigation of the undergraduate curriculum. In Association of the Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference.Google Scholar
  92. Suchman, L. (1987). Plans and situated actions: The problem of human-machine communication. Cambridge Univ Pr.Google Scholar
  93. Sunstein, C. (2007). Republic.com 2.0. Princeton Univ Pr.Google Scholar
  94. Suthers, D. (2006). Technology affordances for intersubjective meaning making: A research agenda for cscl. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 1(3), 315–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Swales, J. (1987). Approaching the concept of discourse community. (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Conference of College Composition and Communication.)Google Scholar
  96. Teasley, S. D., & Roschelle, J. (1993). Constructing a joint problem space: The computer as a tool for sharing knowledge. In S. P., Lajoie, S. J., Derry (Eds.), Computers as cognitive tools (pp. 229–258). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
  97. Thomas, M. (2002). Learning within incoherent structures: The space of online discussion forums. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 18(3), 351–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  99. Webb, N. M. (1985). Verbal interaction and learning in peer-directed groups. Theory into Practice, 24(1), 32–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. Webb, N. M. (1991) Task related verbal interaction and mathematical learning in small groups. Research in Mathematics Education, 22(5), 366–389.Google Scholar
  101. Webb, N. M. (1992). Testing a theoretical model of student interaction and learning in small groups. In R. Hertz-Lazarowitz, N. Miller (Eds.), Interaction in cooperative groups: The theoretical anatomy of group learning (pp. 102–119). Cambridge Univ. Press.Google Scholar
  102. Wertsch, J. (1991). Voices of the mind: A sociocultural approach to mediated action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  103. Williams, J., & Jacobs, J. (2004). Exploring the use of blogs as learning spaces in the higher education sector. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 20(2), 232–247.Google Scholar
  104. Zagal, J., & Bruckman, A. (2007). Gamelog: Fostering reflective gameplaying for learning. In Proceedings of the 2007 acm siggraph symposium on video games (pp. 31–38).Google Scholar
  105. Zemel, A., & Koschmann, T. (2011). Pursuing a question: reinitiating ire sequences as a method of instruction. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(2), 475–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. Zeng, X., & Harris, S. (2005). Blogging in an online health information technology class. Perspectives in Health Information Management/AHIMA, American Health Information Management Association (p. 2).Google Scholar

Copyright information

© International Society of the Learning Sciences, Inc. and Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Brandeis UniversityWalthamUSA

Personalised recommendations