Web 2.0: Inherent tensions and evident challenges for education
- 1.1k Downloads
- 75 Citations
Abstract
In upper tertiary educational programmes around the world, the new Web-mediated communication practices termed Web 2.0 are introduced as learning activities with the goal of facilitating learning through collaborative knowledge construction. The aim of this paper is to point to discrepancies in the views of learning, knowledge, and the goals of the practice implicit in Web 2.0 and educational practices and to argue that these discrepancies lead to theoretical tensions and practical challenges when Web 2.0 practices are utilized for educational purposes. The article is structured into four main parts: First, Web 2.0 is characterized from a practice perspective. Second, some conceptual discrepancies between the “practice logics” of Web 2.0 and educational practices are identified. Third, the question of transcending the discrepancies is raised through a discussion of related pedagogical strategies. Fourth, it is argued that the conceptual discrepancies bear out in practice as concrete challenges concerning collaboration, evaluation, and the general aim and status of the material produced by students. These challenges are illustrated with examples from the author’s practical experience with Web 2.0-mediated learning activities in eight courses at the BA and MA levels.
Keywords
Web 2.0 in education Concepts of knowledge Concepts of learning Practice logic Body schema EvaluationNotes
Acknowledgements
I wish to thank the four anonymous reviewers and G. Stahl very much for their many perceptive comments on a former version of this article. These comments have greatly helped me in strengthening the focus and argumentation.
References
- Andriessen, J., Baker, M., & Suthers, D. (2003). Argumentation, computer support, and the educational context of confronting cognitions. In J. Andriessen, M. Baker & D. Suthers (Eds.), Arguing to learn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
- Biggs, J. (2003). Teaching for quality learning at university. Maidenhead: Open University Press.Google Scholar
- Bostow, D., Kritch, K., & Tompkins, B. (1995). Computers and pedagogy: Replacing telling with interactive computer-programmed instruction. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 27(2), 297–300.Google Scholar
- Boud, D., & Feletti, G. (eds). (1997). The challenge of problem-based learning (2nd ed.). London: Page.Google Scholar
- Boulos, M., Maramba, I., & Wheeler, S. (2006). Wikis, blogs and podcasts: a new generation of Web-based tools for virtual collaborative clinical practice and education. BMC Medical Education, . doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-6-41.Google Scholar
- Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Bourdieu, P. (1980). The logic of practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
- Bourdieu, P. (2000). Pascalian meditations. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
- Bruns, A., & Humphreys, S. (2005). Wikis in teaching and assessment: The M/Cyclopedia Project. WikiSym ’05—Conference Proceedings of the 2005 International Symposium on Wikis, 25–32.Google Scholar
- Cole, M. (1996). Cultural psychology. A once and future discipline. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Cress, U., & Kimmerle, J. (2008). A systemic and cognitive view on collaborative knowledge building with wikis. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 3(2), 105–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dalsgaard, C. (2006). Social Software: E-learning beyond learning management systems. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning (EURODL) (12 July 2006) http://www.eurodl.org/materials/contrib/2006/Christian_Dalsgaard.htm.
- developerWorks Interviews (2006). Tim Berners-Lee. Available at http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/podcast/dwi/cm-int082206.mp3.Transcript available at http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/podcast/dwi/cm-int082206.txt. [both viewed 19 May 2009].
- Dillenbourg, P., & Tchounikine, P. (2007). Flexibility in macro-scripts for computer-supported collaborative learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 23, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dirckinck-Holmfeld, L. (2002). Designing virtual learning environments based on problem oriented project pedagogy. In L. Dirckinck-Holmfeld & B. Fibiger (Eds.), Learning in virtual environments (pp. 31–54). København: Samfundslitteratur.Google Scholar
- Dirckinck-Holmfeld, L., Jones, C., & Lindström, B. (Eds) (2009). Analysing networked learning practices in higher education and continuing professional development. Rotterdam: Sense. in press.Google Scholar
- Dohn, N. (2008). Knowledge 2.0—tensions and challenges for education. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Networked Learning, 650–657.Google Scholar
- Dohn, N. B. (2009). Affordances revisited: Articulating a Merleau-Pontian view. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 4(2), 151–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Downes, S. (2005) E-learning 2.0. E-learn Magazine, http://www.elearnmag.org/subpage.cfm?section=articles&article=29-1 [viewed 19 May 2009].
- Ducata, L., & Lomicka, L. (2008). Adventures in the blogosphere: From blog readers to blog writers. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 21(1), 9–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Duffy, P., & Bruns, A. (2006). The use of blogs, wikis and RSS in education: A conversation of possibilities. Proceedings of the Online Learning and Teaching Conference 2006.Google Scholar
- Dysthe, O., & Engelsen, K. (2004). Portfolios and assessment in teacher education in Norway: A theory-based discussion of different models in two sites. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(2), 239–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dysthe, O., & Engelsen, R. (eds). (2005). Mapper som pædagogisk redskab. Copenhagen: Klim.Google Scholar
- Farmer, B., Yue, A., & Brooks, C. (2008). Using blogging for higher order learning in large cohort university teaching: A case study. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 24(2), 123–136.Google Scholar
- Fogarty, R. (ed). (1998). Problem-based learning—A collection of articles. Arlington Heights: Skylight Training and Publishing.Google Scholar
- Fountain, R. (2005). Wiki pedagogy, dossier pratiques, profetics, http://www.profetic.org:16080/dossiers/dossier_imprimer.php3?id_rubrique=110. [viewed 19 May 2009].
- Freedman, T. (Ed) (2006). Coming of age: An introduction to the NEW Worldwide Web, Terry Freedman Ltd., http://www.terry-freedman.org.uk/db/web2 [viewed 19 May 2009].
- Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Gutmans, A. (2006). What is Web 2.0? Video and transcript available at http://news.zdnet.com/2421-13569_22-154425.html. [both viewed 19 May 2009].
- Illeris, K. (2004). Adult education and adult learning. Roskilde: Roskilde University Press.Google Scholar
- Jarvis, P. (2007). Globalisation, lifelong learning and the learning society—Sociological perspectives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Jermann, P., & Dillenbourg, P. (2003). Elaborating new arguments through a CSCL script. In J. Andriessen, M. Baker & D. Suthers (Eds.), Arguing to learn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
- Jones, C. (2008). Infrastructures, institutions and networked learning. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Networked Learning, 666–674.Google Scholar
- Klenowski, V. (2002). Developing portfolios for learning and assessment. London: RoutledgeFalmer.Google Scholar
- Land, R., & Bayne, S. (2008). Social technologies in higher education: Authorship, subjectivity and temporality. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Networked Learning, 675–681.Google Scholar
- Larsen, M. (2007). Understanding social networking: On young people’s construction and co-construction of identity online. Paper presented at the conference Internet Research 8.0: Let’s Play, Association of Internet Researchers, Vancouver, October 2007.Google Scholar
- Latour, B. (1987). Science in action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning—Legitimate peripheral participation. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Luhmann, N. (1984). Soziale systeme. Frankfurt amMain: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
- Lund, A., & Smørdal, O. (2006). Is there a space for the teacher in a WIKI? WikiSym ’06—Conference Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on Wikis, 37–46.Google Scholar
- Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of perception. London: Routledge and Kegan.Google Scholar
- O’Reilly, T. (2005). What is Web 2.0. Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html [viewed 19 May 2009].
- O’Reilly, T. (2006). Web 2.0 compact definition: Trying again. http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/12/web_20_compact.html [viewed 19 May 2009].
- Otnes, H. (2002). Collective digital text development in teacher education. Hypertext and dialogism in digital portfolios. Paper presented at NERA-congress, Tallinn 7–9, March 2002.Google Scholar
- Parker, K., & Chao, J. (2007). Wiki as a teaching tool. Interdisciplinary Journal of Knowledge and Learning Objects, 3, 57–72.Google Scholar
- Piaget, J. (1950). The psychology of intelligence. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
- Pilkington, R., Naismith, L., Lee, B.-H., & Weeden, P. (2007). ECOWiki—Evaluating collaborative and constructive learning with Wikis: Final report for Microsoft funded project. Birmingham, UK: University of Birmingham. Report available from the authors.Google Scholar
- Rick, J., & Guzdial, M. (2006). Situating CoWeb: A scholarship of application. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 1(1), 89–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Säljö, R. (2000). Lärande i praktiken. Ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Stockholm: Prisma.Google Scholar
- Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1994). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(3), 265–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Scollon, R., & Scollon, S. (2004). Nexus analysis. Discourse and the emerging Internet. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Sfard, A. (1998). On two metaphors of learning and the dangers of choosing just one. Educational Researcher, 27(2), 4–13.Google Scholar
- Sfard, A. (2008). Thinking as communicating: Human development, the growth of discourses, and mathematizing. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Singer, J. (2008). Posting for points: Edublogs in the JMC Curriculum. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 63(1), 10–27.Google Scholar
- Skinner, B. (1968). The technology of teaching. New York: Meredith.Google Scholar
- Stahl, G. (2008). Book review: Exploring thinking as communicating in CSCL. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 3(3), 361–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Surowiecki, J. (2004). The wisdom of crowds: Why the many are smarter than the few and how collective wisdom shapes business, economies, societies and nations. London: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
- Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
- Waldrop, M. (2008). Science 2.0—Is open access science the future? Scientific American http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=science-2-point-0 [viewed 19 May 2009].
- Wegerif, R., & Dawes, L. (2004). Thinking and learning with ICT: Raising achievement in primary classrooms. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Weinberger, A., Ertl, B., Fischer, F., & Mandl, H. (2005). Epistemic and social scripts in computer-supported collaborative learning. Instructional Science, 33, 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Wertsch, J. (1998). Mind as action. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Wesch, M. (2007). The machine is us/ing us. http://mediatedcultures.net/mediatedculture.htm. [viewed 19 May 2009].
- Wilkerson, L., & Gijselaers, W. (eds). (1996). Bringing problem-based learning to higher education: Theory and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
- Wittgenstein, L. (1984). Philosophische Untersuchungen, Werkausgabe 1. Frankfurt amMain: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
- Yukawa, J. (2006). Co-reflection in online learning: Collaborative critical thinking as narrative. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 1(2), 203–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar