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Life cycle assessment of sponge nickel produced by gas atomisation for use in industrial hydrogenation catalysis applications

  • LCA FOR ENERGY SYSTEMS
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Abstract

Purpose

This paper presents a cradle-to-grave comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of new gas atomised (GA) sponge nickel catalysts and evaluates their performance against the current cast and crush standard currently used in the industrial hydrogenation of butyraldehyde to butanol.

Methods

A comparative LCA has been made, accounting for the energy used and emissions throughout the entire life cycle of sponge nickel catalysts—ranging from the upstream production of materials (mainly aluminium and nickel), to the manufacturing, to the operation and finally to the recycling and disposal. The LCA was performed following ISO14040 principles where possible, and subsequently implemented in the software package GaBi 4.3. The CML2001 impact assessment methodology was used, with primary focus on comparing catalysts for equivalent greenhouse gasses generated over their lifetime and their relative global warming potential and secondary focus on acidification potential. This is justified as the lifetime is dominated by energy use in the operational phase, and acidification is dominated by the production of nickel for which existing ISO14040 collected data has been used. A sensitivity analysis was used to provide a number of scenarios and overall environmental performances of the various sponge nickels considered when compared to the existing industrial standard.

Results and discussion

It was found that the energy and emissions during the operation phase associated with a given catalyst significantly outweigh the primary production, manufacturing and recycling. Primary production of the nickel (and to a lesser extent molybdenum when used as a dopant) also has a significant environmental impact in terms of acidification potential, but this is offset by operational energy savings over the catalysts’ estimated lifetime and end of life recyclability. Finally, the impact of activity improvement and lifetime duration of sponge nickel catalysts was determined as both total life cycle energy for operational use and as a total life cycle global warming potential.

Conclusions

From this assessment, the newly developed, higher activity spongy nickel catalysts produced by gas atomisation could have a significantly lower environmental impact than the current industry standard cast and crush method. Given the potential environmental benefits of such catalysts, applications in other processes that require a catalyst should also be investigated.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded under EC FP6 project IMPRESS (NMP-CT-2004-500635). A special thanks is also made to Dr Nick Adkins (CERAM-UK), Dr. Francois Devred, Prof. Ben Nieuwenhuys (Leiden University), Dr Sean Axon, Daniel Cairns (Johnson-Matthey), David Eaves and Chloe Johns (Swansea University) for all their inputs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. HSF-ESTEC, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 2201AZ, The Netherlands

    Nicholas P. Lavery & David J. Jarvis

  2. Materials Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK

    Stephen G. R. Brown

  3. IRC in Materials Processing, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK

    Nicholas J. Adkins

  4. Centre for Advanced Sustainable Manufacturing Technologies (ASTUTE), Digital Technium, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK

    Nicholas P. Lavery & Benjamin P. Wilson

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  1. Nicholas P. Lavery
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  2. David J. Jarvis
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Correspondence to Nicholas P. Lavery.

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Responsible editor: Guido Sonnemann

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Lavery, N.P., Jarvis, D.J., Brown, S.G.R. et al. Life cycle assessment of sponge nickel produced by gas atomisation for use in industrial hydrogenation catalysis applications. Int J Life Cycle Assess 18, 362–376 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0478-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0478-8

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